Airius, LLC joins Vanta’s Managed Service Provider Partner Program

May 8, 2024, Fairfield, CT:
Airius, LLC announced today that it has joined Vanta, the leading trust management platform, Managed Service Provider (MSP) Partner Program, enabling partners to grow their business and deliver more value to their clients by transforming trust into a marketable advantage.

“We are excited about the value that we are able to offer to our clients through Vanta and the Vanta MSP Program. We are certain that this will allow us to get more done in less time, for less cost, and with even greater satisfaction thanks to what Vanta provides.”

Vanta is the leading trust management platform that helps simplify and centralize security for organizations of all sizes.

Over 7,000 companies including Atlassian, Chili Piper, Flo Health and Quora rely on Vanta to build, maintain and demonstrate their trust—all in a way that’s real-time and transparent.

Airius, LLC has been providing risk management solutions to clients for over 25 years. If there is a risk, compliance, audit or regulatory action need, Airius, LLC has the experience and credibility to resolve it.

Specialties include

Airius, LLC works with fast growing clients of all sizes. This new relationship, along with the Vanta administrator certification, will allow Airius, LLC to deliver specialized solutions to clients.

At the foundation of the MSP Partner program is Vanta’s trust management platform that simplifies and centralizes security program management by providing full visibility into an organization’s risk. Vanta enriches those findings with contextual data, and helps organizations remediate issues and track progress as a single source of truth for their security posture. Vanta’s MSP Partner Program features a multi-tenant management console, world-class partner support and flexible billing integration —making it seamless for partners to deliver value to their clients while scaling up their business. For more information about Vanta’s MSP Partner Program, visit: https://www.vanta.com/msp .

Vanta’s Service Provider ecosystem strengthens customers’ security posture by partnering with the most prominent virtual Chief Information Security Officers, managed security service providers, and advisory/consulting firms. With Vanta as their foundational tool, partners are able to offer an expansive breadth and depth of security offerings, increasing overall client satisfaction.

Enhancing Security: Implementing an Effective ISO 27001 Password Policy

In today's digitally-driven world, enhancing security threats loom large and data breaches can damage not only finances but also reputation. The security of your information assets is paramount. A sturdy lock on your digital 'front door' can make all the difference, and a critical component of this lock is your company's password policy. For small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), this can often seem like navigating a labyrinth, but understanding and enhancing security implementing ISO 27001 standards for password policies can simplify and amplify your security measures.

This post explores why ISO 27001's standards for password policies are crucial for SMEs, and provides actionable insights into crafting an effective strategy that not only protects your business but also ensures compliance with industry best practices.

Understanding ISO 27001

ISO 27001 is a globally-recognized standard that outlines the requirements for an Information Security Management System (ISMS). In the realm of password policies, this means establishing a set of rules and procedures to control access to sensitive information. The standard offers clear guidelines on managing passwords to ensure robust protection against unauthorized access while maintaining operational efficiency.

Key principles within ISO 27001 related to passwords revolve around confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information, ensuring that a company's assets are protected from all angles. Although extensive, the 27001 standard is agile and can be tailored to suit the needs and scale of any business.

Key Elements of an Effective Password Policy

Establishing Complexity Requirements

The chaos that ensues from a leaked password often stems from its simplicity. Weak passwords are low-hanging fruits for attackers. Implementing a complex password policy, as enhancing security recommended by ISO 27001, can mitigate this risk considerably. It's imperative that passwords are a combination of upper and lower case letters, numbers, and symbols, and avoid patterns or sequences that may be easily guessable.

Minimum Length and Character Set

A policy should maintain that all passwords meet a certain length to enhance the complexity and unpredictability. Depending on your risk assessment, a minimum of 8 to 12 characters is a good starting point. ISO 27001 also promotes the use of different character sets, including special characters, to increase the randomness and, therefore, security of the password.

Rotation Frequency

Regularly changing passwords is another layer of defense, keeping unauthorized users at bay. ISO 27001 suggests setting a password expiration period, typically 60 to 90 days, but long enough not to overburden users with constant changes that could lead to less secure practices.

Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

While not mandatory for password policies, implementing Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) can be a game-changer. MFA requires at least two forms of verification, typically something you know (password) and something you have (smartphone). This significantly elevates the difficulty for attackers to gain access.

Benefits of Implementing ISO 27001 Password Policy

Enhanced Security

The first and most significant benefit is the improved security posture. By following ISO 27001's guidelines on password complexity and management, you significantly reduce the chances of a successful brute force attack or unauthorized access.

Compliance with Regulations

Businesses today face an increasingly complex web of data protection regulations. Adhering to ISO 27001's password policy standards not only safeguards your data but also ensures compliance with various laws and industry standards, giving your business a competitive edge and customer confidence.

Protection Against Data Breaches

A strong password policy under ISO 27001 can often be the last line of defense protecting your data from catastrophic loss in the event of a breach. It reduces the impact of human error and ensures that if a breach occurs, the damage is contained.

Challenges and Solutions

Employee Compliance

Human behavior is the wildcard in any security system. Employees may find complex password procedures tedious, leading to resistance or, worse, non-compliance. The key is to communicate clearly the reasons behind the policy and the role employees play in the company's security. Making the policy reasonable and demonstrating how it's necessary can help gain buy-in.

Training Programs

Continuous training is crucial. Regular workshops, simulations, and reminders can keep the importance of password policies at the forefront of employees' minds. These programs should also provide practical tips for creating secure, yet memorable, passwords—like the use of phrases, acronyms, or password managers.

Automation Tools

To alleviate the burden on your employees, consider implementing password management software. These tools can enforce password policies, securely store credentials, and even create and update passwords automatically.

Case Studies or Examples

Success Stories of Companies Implementing ISO 27001 Password Policies

Several companies have strengthened their security measures by implementing ISO 27001-compliant password policies. For instance, a medium-sized tech firm noticed a significant decrease in the number of reported incidents related to compromised accounts after adopting the ISO 27001 password standards.

Conclusion

Crafting and implementing an effective ISO 27001 password policy is a challenging yet rewarding endeavor for SMEs. It not only fortifies your defenses against cyber threats but also aligns your organization with global best practices in information security. Remember, a strong password policy is not just about complexity—it's about creating a culture of security that permeates every level of your business.

By understanding and implementing these standards, small businesses can leap ahead in securing their digital infrastructure, instilling confidence in customers, and demonstrating a commitment to the integrity and protection of sensitive data. Take the first step today and start reaping the benefits of a robust, ISO 27001 password policy.

What is Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) Compliance

Introduction to Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC)

The Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) is an assessment framework and assessor certification program designed to increase trust in the security of the United States Department of Defense's (DoD) supply chain.

The CMMC program was created to assist industry in meeting the adequate security requirements of 32 Code of Federal Regulations Part 2002. The program aims to ensure that all organizations working with the DOD meet the necessary level of security to protect sensitive information.

CMMC compliance is of utmost importance for organizations working with the DOD, as failure to comply with the program's requirements can result in the loss of contracts and significant financial penalties. The CMMC specifies five levels of information security required for all organizations to continue working with the DoD. Compliance with the CMMC program establishes assessment mechanisms to verify defense contractors' compliance, ensuring that they meet the necessary level of security to protect sensitive information. The CMMC program's importance cannot be overstated, as it ensures that organizations working with the DoD are held to a high standard of security and are better equipped to handle cyber threats.

The CMMC framework includes a comprehensive and scalable certification element to verify the implementation of processes and practices. The program streamlines requirements to three levels of cybersecurity and aligns the requirements at each level with well-known and widely accepted National Institute of Standards and Technology cybersecurity standards. The CMMC framework aligns a set of processes and practices with the type and sensitivity of information to be protected. By doing so, the CMMC program provides a clear and concise roadmap for organizations to follow in order to achieve compliance with the necessary level of cybersecurity.

CMMC Level 1: Basic Cyber Hygiene

The Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification program is a standard of cybersecurity practices developed by the U.S. Department of Defense for defense contractors. The program is designed to enforce DoD's information security requirements for Defense Industrial Base partners. CMMC streamlines the requirements into three levels of cybersecurity, with each level aligning with well-known and widely accepted NIST cybersecurity standards. Level 1 is the foundational cyber hygiene level and includes 17 practices. This level is the lowest level of security controls required for a defense contractor to earn Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification.

Access control is one of the practices included in Level 1 compliance. Access control refers to the policies and procedures that govern the access to an organization's systems and data. It includes:

By implementing these access control practices, defense contractors can reduce the risk of unauthorized access to their systems and data, which is a critical component of cybersecurity.

In addition to access control, Level 1 compliance includes other foundational cybersecurity practices, such as: - Regularly backing up data and systems - Ensuring that software and hardware are up to date with security patches and updates - Implementing anti-virus and anti-malware software - Providing cybersecurity awareness training for all employees By implementing these practices, defense contractors can establish a strong foundation for their cybersecurity posture and work towards achieving higher levels of CMMC compliance.

CMMC Level 2: Intermediate Cyber Hygiene

The Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification program is a certification framework designed to protect sensitive information handled by Defense Industrial Base contractors. The program specifies five levels of information security required for all organizations to continue working with the Department of Defense.

At Level 2 of the CMMC program, contractors and applicable subcontractors are required to demonstrate intermediate cyber hygiene. This means that they must have a baseline of security controls in place to protect sensitive information from cyber threats, including identification and authentication.

Identification and authentication are essential components of Level 2 CMMC compliance. This involves verifying the identity of users and ensuring that they have the appropriate access privileges to sensitive information. To achieve compliance, contractors must implement the following controls:

By implementing these controls, contractors can reduce the risk of unauthorized access to sensitive information and improve their overall cybersecurity posture.

Overall, achieving Level 2 CMMC compliance requires contractors to have a strong foundation of security controls in place. This includes implementing identification and authentication controls, as well as other essential security measures, such as incident response planning and network security monitoring. By meeting the requirements of the CMMC program, contractors can demonstrate their commitment to protecting sensitive information and continue working with the DoD. As cyber threats continue to evolve, maintaining compliance with the CMMC program is critical for ensuring the security and integrity of sensitive information.

CMMC Level 3: Good Cyber Hygiene

CMMC Level 3 compliance is categorized as "Good Cyber Hygiene" and requires organizations to have a comprehensive and documented cybersecurity program. This level of compliance builds upon the requirements of Level 1 and Level 2, which focus on basic cybersecurity hygiene and intermediate cyber hygiene, respectively. At Level 3, organizations are expected to have implemented a more robust set of security controls to protect sensitive unclassified information shared by the Department of Defense with its contractors and subcontractors. This level of compliance is particularly relevant for organizations handling Controlled Unclassified Information and Federal Contract Information.

One of the key requirements for achieving CMMC Level 3 compliance is media protection. This involves the implementation of policies and procedures for protecting information on all forms of media, including paper, digital, and other formats. Organizations must ensure that all media containing CUI and FCI is properly marked, stored, transported, and disposed of to prevent unauthorized access, disclosure, or loss. Additionally, organizations must have controls in place to prevent the introduction of malicious software onto their systems through the use of removable media, such as USB drives.

To achieve CMMC Level 3 compliance, organizations must also implement a range of other security controls, including access control, incident response, and system and communications protection. These controls are designed to prevent unauthorized access to information systems, detect and respond to security incidents, and protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information. By implementing these controls, organizations can demonstrate their commitment to protecting sensitive information and their ability to meet the DoD's cybersecurity requirements.

CMMC Level 4: Proactive

CMMC Level 4 compliance is the Proactive level of the Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification program. The CMMC program is aligned with the Department of Defense's information security requirements for Defense Industrial Base partners and establishes assessment mechanisms to verify defense contractors' compliance. The CMMC program specifies five levels of information security required for all organizations to continue working with the DoD. Level 4 compliance is the second-highest level of security and requires organizations to have a proactive cybersecurity model.

At Level 4, organizations must have evidence of a mature cybersecurity model that proactively negates Advanced Persistent Threats. APTs are sophisticated cyber-attacks that target specific organizations or individuals with the intention of stealing sensitive information or disrupting operations. To achieve Level 4 compliance, organizations must implement advanced security controls and have a comprehensive understanding of their network's vulnerabilities and potential attack vectors. This level of security requires a proactive approach to cybersecurity, where organizations are continually monitoring and updating their security measures to stay ahead of potential threats.

Level 4 compliance builds on the requirements of Level 3, which is the most advanced level of the CMMC program. At Level 3, organizations must have a mature cybersecurity model that is documented and reviewed regularly. Additionally, Level 3 compliance requires organizations to have a robust security infrastructure that includes access controls, incident response plans, and regular security training for employees. By achieving Level 4 compliance, organizations demonstrate their commitment to maintaining a high level of cybersecurity and protecting sensitive information from APTs and other cyber threats.

CMMC Level 5: Advanced/Progressive

CMMC Level 5 compliance is the highest level of cybersecurity maturity certification in the CMMC program. At this level, an organization must demonstrate advanced/progressive cybersecurity capabilities, including the ability to protect against advanced cyber threats. This level of certification is required for organizations that handle the most sensitive and critical information for the Department of Defense and its supply chain partners. Achieving CMMC Level 5 compliance requires a comprehensive and robust cybersecurity program that meets or exceeds the requirements outlined in the CMMC framework.

At CMMC Level 5, organizations must be equipped to defend against advanced cyber threats. This includes the ability to detect and respond to sophisticated attacks, such as advanced persistent threats , zero-day exploits, and other advanced malware. Organizations must also have the capability to conduct continuous monitoring and analysis of their systems and networks to identify and mitigate potential vulnerabilities. In addition, organizations must have a comprehensive incident response plan in place to ensure a rapid and effective response to any security incidents that may occur.

Achieving CMMC Level 5 compliance requires a significant investment in cybersecurity resources and expertise. Organizations must have a mature and well-established cybersecurity program that includes advanced security technologies, such as intrusion detection and prevention systems, advanced threat intelligence, and security information and event management solutions. Additionally, organizations must have a highly trained and experienced cybersecurity team that can effectively manage and respond to security incidents in real-time. Overall, CMMC Level 5 compliance is a significant achievement that demonstrates an organization's commitment to cybersecurity and its ability to protect sensitive information against the most advanced cyber threats.

Who Needs CMMC Compliance?

The Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification program is mandatory for all Department of Defense contractors who handle sensitive information. The CMMC compliance is designed to ensure that contractors and subcontractors meet the cybersecurity standards outlined by the DoD. The CMMC is applicable to all organizations that work with the DoD, including those that provide goods, services, or information technology. The CMMC compliance requirements are scalable and vary based on the level of cybersecurity required by the contract.

The CMMC program is specifically targeted towards the Defense Industrial Base partners who handle sensitive unclassified information. The CMMC program is designed to enforce DoD's information security requirements for DIB partners, ensuring that sensitive information is protected from frequent cyber-attacks. The CMMC program has five levels, with each level building on the previous one, and each level has specific requirements that must be met. The CMMC 2.0 program outlines the security controls for all three CMMC security levels and establishes processes for monitoring compliance.

The CMMC program helps the DoD to ensure that its suppliers have adequate security measures in place to safeguard sensitive electronic information. The program outlines the hardware, software, and other controls required to protect sensitive information in relation to the DoD. The CMMC program is designed to reinforce cooperation between the DoD and its contractors and subcontractors, ensuring that all parties are aligned with the same cybersecurity standards. By the end of 2025, the DoD will require all DIB contractors to be CMMC compliant. The CMMC program mandates cybersecurity requirements for companies in the DIB, which includes prime contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers.

How to Achieve CMMC Compliance

The Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification program is a new compliance process established by the Department of Defense to verify defense contractors' compliance with cybersecurity standards. CMMC compliance is designed to completely overhaul the current system of self-attestation and replace it with a more rigorous third-party assessment process. The program outlines five levels of information security, and contractors must achieve the appropriate level of compliance based on the sensitivity of the information they handle. The program streamlines requirements to three levels of cybersecurity

To achieve CMMC compliance, contractors must undergo a CMMC assessment by a certified third-party assessment organization. The assessment will evaluate the contractor's implementation of the appropriate level of cybersecurity controls and practices. The CMMC Accreditation Body, a nonprofit separate from the DoD, oversees the certification process and maintains a directory of certified C3PAOs. The assessment process will include a review of the contractor's policies, procedures, and practices, as well as an evaluation of their cybersecurity posture.

The CMMC compliance process can be complex and time-consuming, but it is essential for defense contractors to continue working with the DoD. Contractors must ensure that they have the appropriate level of cybersecurity measures in place to protect sensitive information and maintain compliance with DoD regulations. By achieving CMMC compliance, contractors can demonstrate their commitment to cybersecurity and improve their reputation as a trusted partner of the DoD.

Benefits of CMMC Compliance

One of the primary advantages of being CMMC compliant is the increased cybersecurity posture that it provides. The CMMC is a flexible program that allows businesses to boost their maturity level, making them better equipped to deal with any breaches or risks. The program is designed to align with the cybersecurity requirements of their respective contracts, ensuring that it scales alongside DIB organizations. By implementing the necessary hardware, software, and other controls required to safeguard sensitive electronic information, businesses can improve their overall cybersecurity posture and better protect themselves against potential threats.

Another benefit of CMMC compliance is that it can help businesses save money in the long run. While the initial assessment costs may be high, achieving and maintaining compliance can ultimately reduce the risk of costly data breaches or cyber attacks. The CMMC program is specifically designed to assist industry in meeting adequate security requirements, ensuring that businesses are better prepared to handle known threats. By investing in CMMC compliance, businesses can avoid the financial and reputational damage that can result from a cybersecurity incident, ultimately saving money and resources.

CMMC compliance can also help businesses remain competitive in the marketplace. As the DoD continues to prioritize cybersecurity, CMMC certification is becoming increasingly important for DoD contractors and subcontractors. Achieving compliance can demonstrate a business's commitment to cybersecurity and its ability to meet the necessary security requirements outlined in contracts. Additionally, the program's tiered certification scheme can help the DoD assess cybersecurity readiness when seeking suppliers, making CMMC certification a valuable asset for businesses looking to secure DoD contracts. By achieving CMMC compliance, businesses can set themselves apart from competitors and position themselves for long-term success in the defense industry.

CMMC Compliance Challenges

The Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification program is a framework designed to enforce information security requirements for Department of Defense contractors. Achieving CMMC compliance can be challenging for organizations, particularly those that lack the necessary resources and expertise. One of the primary obstacles to achieving compliance is the cost and resource allocation required to implement the necessary controls and processes. Organizations must invest in cybersecurity measures, which can be a significant financial burden, particularly for small and medium-sized businesses.

Another potential challenge to achieving CMMC compliance is the complexity of the program itself. The CMMC program consists of three levels of cybersecurity, with each level building upon the previous one. The requirements for each level can be extensive and may require significant effort to implement and maintain. Additionally, the program is designed to scale alongside DIB organizations and the cybersecurity requirements of their respective contracts. This means that organizations must continually adapt to new requirements and update their cybersecurity measures to remain compliant.

The CMMC program also requires organizations to verify their compliance with all applicable security requirements outlined in their contracts. This can be a time-consuming and challenging process, particularly for organizations with complex supply chains and subcontractor relationships. The program streamlines requirements into three levels of cybersecurity, but each level still requires a significant investment of time and resources. Additionally, the assessment mechanisms established by the program can be rigorous and may require organizations to undergo regular audits and assessments. Overall, achieving CMMC compliance can be a complex and challenging process that requires significant investment and ongoing effort.

FAQs

Q: What is Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification?

A: The Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification is a new standard for implementing cybersecurity across the defense industrial base supply chain. It is designed to enhance the protection of sensitive information and to ensure a robust cybersecurity posture.

Q: Why is CMMC compliance important?

A: CMMC compliance is crucial as it ensures that contractors in the defense industrial base are capable of safeguarding sensitive information and are equipped with adequate cybersecurity measures, thereby reducing the risk of cyber threats and attacks.

Q: Who needs to comply with CMMC?

A: Any organization or contractor that is part of the defense industrial base and handles sensitive government information, including contractors and subcontractors, will need to comply with CMMC requirements.

Q: What are the different levels of CMMC compliance?

A: CMMC compliance is categorized into five levels, each representing an increasing degree of cybersecurity maturity. These levels range from basic cyber hygiene to advanced/progressive security measures, with each level having specific requirements and controls.

Q: What are the potential challenges of achieving CMMC compliance?

A: Some of the challenges associated with achieving CMMC compliance include the allocation of resources, funding for cybersecurity measures, and the complexity of meeting the specific requirements of each compliance level.

How to Comply with HECVAT in 2024: A Guide for Higher Education Institutions and SaaS Providers

Compliance with regulations and industry standards is paramount, especially for organizations handling sensitive data. This is especially true for Higher Education Institutions (HEI) and Software as a Service (SaaS) providers who deal with vast amounts of student and institutional information. One critical standard that has been gaining attention and momentum in the education industry is the Higher Education Community Vendor Assessment Tool, or HECVAT.

The HECVAT framework provides a structured approach for evaluating a service provider's security practices and helps streamline the assessment process for higher education institutions. In this guide, we will walk through steps that HEIs and SaaS providers can take to ensure they are compliant with HECVAT in 2024. By aligning with these regulations, organizations can not only protect sensitive data but also build trust with their users and gain a competitive edge in the education technology market.

What is HECVAT?

HECVAT is a shared tool that helps institutions evaluate the data protection practices of service providers. It was initially designed to support higher education institutions in conducting security assessments of cloud service providers. This evaluation helps institutions to make informed decisions about the level of data security they can expect from the vendors they engage with.

HECVAT Requirements and Significance

One of the main goals of HECVAT is to standardize the assessment process, allowing vendors to complete a single security profile that can be used by multiple institutions. The assessment covers a wide range of data protection topics, such as data governance, risk management, and incident response.

Significance of HECVAT lies in its ability to ensure that vendors understand and are meeting the rigorous data protection standards expected in the education sector. Compliance with HECVAT reflects a vendor's commitment to safeguarding the sensitive information of educational institutions and their students.

Steps to Achieve Compliance

Here are the essential steps for achieving and maintaining HECVAT compliance in 2024.

Step 1: Familiarize with HECVAT Framework

Begin by thoroughly understanding the HECVAT framework. The official HECVAT website provides all the necessary documentation and resources to get started. Pay attention to the structure and components of the assessment, as well as any updates or changes introduced for the current year.

Step 2: Conduct an Internal Assessment

Conduct an in-depth assessment of your current security practices and policies. This may involve bringing in external auditors or security specialists to assist with the process. Analyze how your current practices align with the HECVAT requirements and identify any gaps that need to be addressed. You can do an easy guided assessment here in order to get started.

Step 3: Implement Necessary Security Measures

Using the findings from your internal assessment, develop a plan to address any security gaps. This may include implementing new tools or technologies, revising security policies, or providing additional training to staff members. Ensure that the measures you implement are comprehensive and tailored to the specific needs of the higher education sector.

Step 4: Document Compliance Efforts

Keep detailed records of the steps you've taken to achieve compliance. Document the changes to your systems, policies, and training programs. This documentation will not only serve as proof of your compliance efforts but will also help in communicating your security posture to higher education institutions during evaluations.

Step 5: Engage with Higher Education Institutions

Communication and collaboration with your clients, the HEIs, are crucial. Schedule regular meetings to update them on your compliance efforts and to understand their evolving needs and expectations. Being proactive in this area can lead to a more transparent and trusting partnership.

Step 6: Regularly Review and Update Compliance

HECVAT compliance is not a one-time event; it's an ongoing process. Set up regular reviews of your security practices and update your compliance documentation as new standards and best practices emerge. Staying proactive will ensure that you are always prepared for assessments and, more importantly, that you are continually enhancing your data protection capabilities.

Benefits of HECVAT Compliance

Compliance with HECVAT offers several key benefits that extend beyond just meeting a regulatory requirement.

Enhanced Data Security

The most immediate benefit is the enhancement of your data security. By following the rigorous standards set by HECVAT, you will significantly reduce the risk of data breaches and cyber threats, which can have far-reaching consequences in the age of digital education.

Trust Building with Higher Education Institutions

HEIs are under increasing pressure to protect student data, and they will favor vendors who share their commitment to data protection. Transparency and compliance with HECVAT demonstrate that you understand the importance of this and are willing to take the necessary steps to provide a secure service.

Competitive Advantage

HECVAT compliance can also be a differentiator in a crowded market. Vendors who are quicker to adopt these standards can use it as a competitive advantage, positioning themselves as leaders in data protection and security.

Conclusion

In a world where data breaches and privacy violations are all too common, compliance with standards like HECVAT is not just recommended – it's an imperative for any vendor serving the higher education sector. By following the steps outlined in this guide and acknowledging the importance of ongoing compliance efforts, HEIs and SaaS providers can mitigate risks, build trust, and set themselves up for success in the education industry.

Navigating HIPAA Regulations and Meaningful Use Requirements After Receiving a Letter from HHS.

Understanding HIPAA Compliance Letters

What are the types of HIPAA compliance letters?

HIPAA validation letters, a specific type of compliance letter, play a pivotal role in the regulatory landscape of health information. These documents serve as a testament to an entity's dedication to adhering to the stringent requirements of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [1]. Notably, these letters are not issued directly by government bodies but can be obtained from third-party compliance providers who specialize in helping organizations navigate the complex terrain of HIPAA regulations. Providers such as the Compliancy Group offer a tangible form of confirmation in the form of HIPAA validation letters to entities that have successfully completed the necessary steps, demonstrating a good-faith effort towards achieving compliance [1]. As such, this documentation becomes an essential asset for organizations, signaling to patients, partners, and regulators that they are committed to protecting the privacy and security of health information, as mandated by federal law [1].

Why are HIPAA compliance letters issued to healthcare providers?

The issuance of compliance letters to healthcare providers serves as a critical measure in maintaining the integrity and trust within the healthcare system. These letters are instrumental in notifying providers of specific legal requirements that must be adhered to in their practice. For instance, the law mandates that healthcare providers must inform patients of their privacy practices, which is an essential aspect of patient rights and healthcare transparency [2]. To ensure strict adherence to this requirement, compliance letters may be sent out to remind or instruct the healthcare providers to obtain a written acknowledgment from patients, stating that they have received the said notice [3]. This procedure not only ensures patients are well-informed about how their personal health information is handled but also serves as a record of the provider's compliance with legal standards. Furthermore, compliance letters have a broader purpose in the fight against fraud and abuse in healthcare, particularly in relation to healthcare services and payments [2]. They act as a proactive step to remind healthcare entities about the importance of maintaining ethical practices and the consequences of failing to do so. Additionally, healthcare providers' relationships with other entities that manage protected health information, such as postal services or electronic transmission services, are also subject to scrutiny [4]. Compliance letters can specify the expectations and legal obligations when dealing with such third parties, exemplified by the US Postal Service or private courier services, ensuring that the sanctity of protected health information is preserved at every juncture [4]. In sum, these compliance letters are a fundamental tool in enforcing laws and regulations, thereby protecting patients and upholding the credibility of healthcare services.

How should healthcare providers respond to a normal HIPAA inquiry?

In the event of a normal inquiry, healthcare providers face the crucial task of determining whether the request aligns with their established standards. While compliance letters and privacy practice notices ensure patients are informed of their rights, healthcare providers must judiciously handle incoming requests, bearing in mind the privacy and security of patient information. If a request for information does not satisfy the healthcare provider's minimum necessary standard—a benchmark ensuring that only essential information is shared—they are not obliged to fulfill such a request [4]. This careful scrutiny helps to protect patient privacy and uphold the integrity of the healthcare provider's operations. On the other hand, when the request originates from a known and trustworthy entity, such as another covered entity or public official, healthcare providers can generally proceed with the assurance that the request complies with the minimum necessary rule [4]. This trust streamlines the process and allows for the efficient exchange of information necessary for patient care or compliance with legal obligations. Furthermore, in the spirit of transparency and adherence to regulations, healthcare providers are expected to cooperate when their policies, procedures, and practices are subject to review [4]. Such cooperation not only demonstrates a commitment to regulatory compliance but also reflects a proactive approach to maintaining the highest standards of privacy and security in the healthcare setting.

The Impact of HIPAA Compliance Letters on Healthcare Business

How do HIPAA compliance letters affect healthcare business operations?

In the complex landscape of healthcare business operations, compliance letters serve as an essential tool for ensuring that organizations adhere to the stringent regulatory framework governing the protection of health information. Notably, companies that fall outside the scope of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) are not exempt from their duty to safeguard patient data. They are still bound by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Act and the FTC’s Health Breach Notification Rule to prevent unauthorized disclosures of personal health information [5]. In an era where data flows are increasingly scrutinized, recent FTC law enforcement actions against companies like Easy Healthcare and BetterHelp have underscored the importance of monitoring how health information is shared with third parties through integrated technologies within websites or apps [5]. These actions are reminders that compliance letters are not mere formalities but carry substantial weight in reminding healthcare businesses of their legal responsibilities. Particularly, they emphasize that healthcare organizations are accountable for the management of information obtained via tracking technologies, regardless of whether such data is used for marketing purposes [5]. This level of accountability is critical considering the significant penalties that can arise from non-compliance, including exorbitant fines, legal fees, reputational damage, and the possible loss of business – all of which can precipitate a dire financial impact on healthcare operations [6]. Furthermore, major compliance infractions could lead to the exclusion from federal healthcare programs, which for some organizations, could spell the end of their operational existence [6]. Therefore, compliance letters are not just cautionary advisories but are pivotal in guiding healthcare businesses to maintain rigorous compliance strategies to avoid deleterious outcomes.

What are the potential financial implications of HIPAA non-compliance?

The financial implications of non-compliance with healthcare regulations are significant and multifaceted, reflecting the seriousness with which regulatory bodies view the protection of patient information and healthcare integrity. For instance, HIPAA non-compliance can lead to steep civil monetary penalties, serving as a deterrent to lax information security practices [6]. The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) has a track record of imposing substantial fines on entities that violate HIPAA rules, with penalties totaling over $131 million for 106 cases as of January 2022 [6]. These penalties are not trivial, as they can reach up to $50,000 per violation and do not hinge on the violation's severity, indicating the high stakes for healthcare providers in maintaining compliance [6]. Beyond HIPAA, other regulations like the No Surprises Act also impose financial repercussions, where violations pertaining to improper billing can incur penalties up to $10,000, though there are provisions allowing for the withdrawal of such bills under certain conditions [6]. The Anti-Kickback Statute (AKS) is even more stringent, attaching criminal and civil/administrative penalties to non-compliance, with the possibility of fines up to $25,000 and prison terms for criminal breaches, or up to $50,000 per violation plus triple the remuneration involved in civil cases [6]. AKS and Stark law violators also face exclusion from federal healthcare programs, which can be devastating for healthcare providers, underscoring the importance of adherence to these laws [6]. Consequently, the potential financial implications of non-compliance are not only punitive but also extensive in their ability to impede a provider's operational capacity, reinforcing the critical nature of maintaining rigorous compliance protocols within the healthcare sector.

What strategies can be employed to mitigate negative impacts?

To effectively mitigate negative impacts, a robust strategy involving precise control activities is paramount. These activities, which are embedded within the control environment, serve as actionable steps toward the enhancement of internal controls and the achievement of compliance goals [7]. A thorough risk assessment is crucial, and by identifying key risk areas such as potential conflicts of interest and questionable financial relationships with providers and vendors, healthcare organizations can proactively address areas prone to fraud and abuse [6]. This assessment is a foundational step in the development of an effective healthcare compliance program, which according to the Office of Inspector General (OIG) Work Plan, should be updated regularly to address newly identified risks [6]. Notably, the uptick in demand for telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the necessity for heightened vigilance in these billable services, suggesting that telehealth will remain a critical area for compliance oversight in the future [8]. The benefits of a timely and effectively implemented compliance program are clear—such measures not only serve the public good by preventing misuse of resources but also significantly reduce the likelihood of severe consequences, including financial penalties and litigation outcomes that could otherwise be detrimental to the organization [7]. Hence, maintaining a proactive stance on compliance, as opposed to a reactive one, is likely to be viewed more favorably by the legal system and could mitigate the risks of willful-neglect cases which carry more severe repercussions [6].

Responding to Normal Compliance Inquiries

What steps should be taken upon receiving an inquiry regarding HIPAA compliance?

Upon receiving an inquiry regarding Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) compliance, it is crucial to approach the situation with a structured response strategy. The initial step should be to provide a thoughtful, written response to the inquiry, acknowledging receipt and demonstrating the seriousness with which the organization treats compliance issues [9]. This response sets the tone for the subsequent interaction and presents the organization as cooperative and committed to upholding the compliance standards. Next, it is essential to review and reinforce the organization's compliance program, ensuring that all policies are not only up to date but also rigorously tested for effectiveness [10]. Such proactive measures signify a robust defense mechanism against potential breaches, reflecting an environment where compliance is integrated into the operational ethos. Furthermore, organizations should recognize that the identification of misconduct does not necessarily indicate a failure of the compliance program but rather an opportunity to address and rectify issues, which is an indicator of a system designed to enhance compliance over time [11]. By following these steps, a company not only responds appropriately to the initial inquiry but also fortifies its position by demonstrating a commitment to continuous improvement and adherence to HIPAA regulations.

How does the Meaningful Use attestation process relate to compliance inquiries?

In the intricate web of regulatory compliance, the Meaningful Use attestation process is a critical juncture that can invite scrutiny from regulatory agencies. To navigate this process, it is imperative for healthcare organizations to adhere to a structured approach as suggested by compliance experts. Firstly, organizations must take the necessary time and gather the appropriate information to ensure that their response to any compliance inquiry is accurate and fully informed [9]. In the context of Meaningful Use, this means meticulously documenting the implementation and use of certified electronic health record technology in accordance with the program's standards. Furthermore, it is essential that organizations understand the specific steps recommended when dealing with regulatory agencies, which includes being transparent, cooperative, and responsive during interactions [10]. This is particularly relevant when responding to inquiries that may arise during the attestation process, as regulatory bodies are vigilant in ensuring that healthcare providers are not merely checking boxes but are genuinely fulfilling Meaningful Use criteria [11]. Lastly, while the Meaningful Use program is specific to healthcare, parallels can be drawn from other regulated sectors where clear communication with regulatory bodies is mandated. For instance, in financial compliance, creditors are required to notify applicants of action taken on their applications, which underscores the importance of clear and timely communication in all regulated industries [12]. In summary, by integrating these takeaways into the Meaningful Use attestation process, healthcare organizations can more effectively manage compliance inquiries and demonstrate their unwavering commitment to both regulatory adherence and the provision of quality patient care.

What documentation is required for responding to normal inquiries?

In the event of a government inquiry into potential compliance breaches, documentation plays a pivotal role in constructing a defensible position. An effective compliance program is the cornerstone of this defense, as it not only provides a framework for maintaining regulatory adherence but also serves as a demonstrable commitment to ethical operations [10]. Acceptance that uncovering misconduct is not an anomaly but rather an indication of a functioning compliance system is critical [11]. In such circumstances, it is paramount for companies to have clear strategies delineating the steps taken to ensure that investigations are carried out with independence and objectivity, and that findings are thoroughly documented [13]. This documentation should extend to all forms of correspondence, including eligibility benefits inquiries and responses, as well as any other pertinent claim information [14]. When investigations conclude that practices align with regulatory flexibility, it is crucial to effectively communicate and document these findings to reinforce the company's stance within the inquiry [15]. Through meticulous record-keeping and proactive measures, organizations can not only respond to normal inquiries with confidence but also reinforce their commitment to upholding compliance standards.

Addressing Complaints and Investigations

How should a provider respond to a patient-filed HIPAA violation complaint?

Upon receiving a HIPAA violation complaint, the provider should adopt a responsive and transparent approach to address the patient's concerns. Initially, it is important to take a proactive stance in resolving the complaint, ensuring that immediate steps are taken to understand and rectify any potential breaches of patient privacy [16]. This involves conducting a thorough investigation into the complaint and sharing the findings with the complainant, being careful not to disclose any confidential information that may compromise the privacy of other patients or the integrity of the investigation [16]. To maintain trust and open communication, the provider should inform the complainant about the investigative process, including its expected duration and what information will be shared upon conclusion [16]. It is crucial to set these expectations upfront to prevent any misunderstandings or further dissatisfaction. Once the initial steps are taken, the provider must ensure they follow up with the complainant to verify that the issue has been addressed to their satisfaction [16]. This follow-up can be conducted in writing or, preferably, in person, which allows for a more personal touch and the opportunity to ask clarifying questions, gauge emotional responses, and assess the credibility of the complaint [16]. However, if the complaint was submitted anonymously or the complainant is not available for an in-person meeting, a written response may be the most feasible option [16]. Regardless of the method, it is essential for the provider to describe how the matter will be addressed going forward, assuring the complainant that their concerns have been taken seriously and that measures are in place to prevent future occurrences [16]. Moreover, providers should encourage patients to continue bringing any issues to their attention, reinforcing the importance of their role in maintaining the standards of HIPAA compliance [16].

What are the best practices for cooperating with a consultancy-led investigation?

In the context of consultancy-led investigations, especially those pertaining to sensitive compliance issues such as HIPAA, best practices dictate a comprehensive approach to managing perceptions and ensuring credibility. Firstly, it is crucial to disclose the purpose of the investigation and the nature of the attorney-employer relationship to all parties involved to foster transparency and trust [17]. This disclosure helps to mitigate any feelings of intimidation that may arise from the involvement of in-house or outside counsel, whose presence can often be perceived as threatening due to their legal authority [17]. To further enhance objectivity and reduce potential bias, it is advisable to consider employing outside counsel who can bring an impartial perspective to the investigative process [17]. Moreover, it must be explicitly communicated that the organization itself, rather than any individual employee, is the client to avoid any misinterpretation of allegiance or intent [17]. Maintaining confidentiality is another cornerstone of effective investigations, where the investigator is entrusted with sensitive information and thus must be capable of upholding discretion [17]. It is also essential for the investigator to be held in high regard within the organization, as their findings will serve as the basis for any subsequent decisions, thereby necessitating a respect for their expertise and judgment [17]. In addition to these qualifications, the investigator should possess the ability to serve as a credible witness, should the investigation's findings lead to legal proceedings [17]. Lastly, in scenarios where the investigation is conducted internally, ensuring that the investigator has the prospect of continued employment with the company can incentivize thoroughness and integrity in the investigative process [17]. These best practices are designed to uphold the integrity of the investigation and ensure fair and accurate outcomes for all involved.

What preventive measures can minimize the occurrence of privacy issues?

In order to minimize the occurrence of privacy issues, employers must take proactive steps to ensure the confidentiality of all parties involved in an investigation. While it is crucial for an employer to protect the confidentiality of employee claims, they must also be clear that absolute confidentiality cannot be promised due to the nature of the investigation process [17]. This delicate balance can be maintained by explaining to the complainant and other individuals involved that information will be kept as confidential as possible, without compromising the thoroughness of the investigation [17]. Furthermore, employers should refrain from overly broad confidentiality rules that could potentially violate employees' rights to discuss workplace conditions, thereby adhering to legal standards and maintaining a trustful work environment [17]. Additionally, keeping employee handbooks up-to-date, which detail the consequences of misconduct, can serve as a preventive measure, as it outlines clear expectations for behavior and the handling of sensitive information [18]. It is equally important to ensure that documentation from investigations is not stored within personnel files but instead kept in a secure and confidential manner to prevent unnecessary breaches of privacy [19]. By incorporating these measures, employers can create a workplace where privacy is respected and protected, thereby reducing the likelihood of privacy issues arising.

Strategies for Navigating Meaningful Use Requirements

What are the key components of Meaningful Use requirements?

The Meaningful Use program delineates its requirements through a structured approach that incorporates both core and menu set objectives, which are essential for health care professionals to receive incentive payments from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Specifically, there are 15 required core objectives that must be met to achieve Meaningful Use; these include tasks like prescribing electronically, providing patients with electronic copies of health information, and implementing clinical decision support rules [20]. Moreover, beyond the core objectives, eligible professionals have the flexibility to choose 5 out of 10 menu set objectives tailored to their practice needs, allowing for a degree of customization in meeting the program’s requirements [20]. These menu set objectives complement the core objectives by covering areas that may not be universally applicable to all practices but are nonetheless critical for advancing the quality of patient care. Additionally, as part of these requirements, eligible professionals must report on the Clinical Quality Measures (CQMs), which include a total of six measures: three required core measures and three additional measures chosen from a set of 38, to assess and improve the quality and efficiency of patient care [20]. These components are specifically designed to ensure that the use of certified Electronic Health Record (EHR) technology is not only meaningful in terms of capturing and sharing data but also in contributing to the broader goals of improved clinical outcomes and increased healthcare efficiency [20].

How do Meaningful Use requirements intersect with HIPAA regulations?

In the realm of healthcare compliance, the intersection of Meaningful Use (MU) requirements with HIPAA regulations is particularly pronounced in the mandates surrounding electronic health records (EHRs) and the associated security measures. For instance, under both HIPAA and MU regulations, practices are obliged to conduct a security risk analysis to identify and mitigate potential threats to patient information—a process that has been a HIPAA stipulation since 2003 and is now explicitly integrated into MU prerequisites [21]. This security risk analysis must be thorough, extending beyond the EHR system to encompass the entirety of a practice's health IT infrastructure. Practices must inventory their encrypted network, internal systems, and apply safeguards to address any vulnerabilities that are discovered [21][22]. Furthermore, this is not a one-time endeavor; physicians are required to conduct or review this analysis at least once during each program year to maintain compliance with both sets of regulations [22]. The scale and methodology of implementing these risk analyses are not one-size-fits-all but instead should be tailored to the practice's specific size, complexity, and technological capabilities, taking into account the associated risks and costs [22]. This nuanced approach underscores the complementary nature of HIPAA and MU, both aiming to ensure that certified EHRs are used in a manner that protects patient privacy while promoting effective health care practices, as exemplified by the use of e-prescribing under MU [20].

What systems should be implemented to ensure ongoing adherence to Meaningful Use standards?

To ensure ongoing adherence to Meaningful Use standards, healthcare providers must implement systems that are flexible and cater to the specific needs of their practice. Certified EHR technology plays a crucial role in this process; however, CMS has recognized that not all objectives may be relevant for every provider, indicating that EHRs do not need to be certified on all objectives for 2014 [21]. This offers providers the necessary flexibility, particularly specialists who may find certain Clinical Quality Measures (CQMs) outside their scope of practice [21]. To capitalize on this flexibility, practices should proactively communicate with their vendors to understand which menu objectives their EHR software can track, ensuring that the technology aligns with their practice’s requirements [21]. This step is essential for priority practices, especially those not associated with larger systems, as they often lack the resources and leverage to effectively navigate these challenges on their own [23]. Furthermore, rural practices face additional hurdles due to the scarcity of local expertise [23]. Therefore, maintaining meaningful use not only necessitates the initial implementation of certified EHR technology but also requires continuous updates and adaptations to meet the evolving regulatory and payer expectations, which are designed to ensure that the functions supported by the EHR are in line with current standards [23].

  1. How Can You Get Your HIPAA Validation Letter?, from compliancy-group.com/hipaa-validation-letter/
  2. Summary of the HIPAA Privacy Rule, from www.hhs.gov
  3. Notice of Privacy Practices, from www.hhs.gov
  4. HIPAA for Dummies: The Ultimate HIPAA Security and Compliance FAQ, from www.nightfall.ai
  5. FTC-HHS joint letter gets to the heart of the risks tracking technologies pose to personal health information, from www.ftc.gov
  6. The Financial Impacts of Compliance Missteps, from www.symplr.com/blog/financial-impacts-compliance-missteps
  7. Your guide to healthcare compliance for small and mid-sized technology organizations, from thoropass.com
  8. What Is Healthcare Compliance?, from www.aapc.com/resources/what-is-healthcare-compliance
  9. Think clearly before responding to compliance inquiries, from www.investmentexecutive.com
  10. Responding to Regulatory Inquiries, from www.linkedin.com
  11. Reacting Appropriately to Compliance Problems, from www.ganintegrity.com
  12. Comment for 1002.9 - Notifications, from www.consumerfinance.gov
  13. Evaluation of Corporate Compliance Programs (Updated ..., from www.justice.gov/criminal-fraud/page/file/937501/download
  14. Compliance and Enforcement, from www.cms.gov
  15. Tips for Responding to a DOJ Inquiry Into Pandemic Billing, from www.bloomberglaw.com
  16. How to Effectively Investigate Employee Complaints, from www.linkedin.com
  17. How to Conduct an Investigation, from www.shrm.org
  18. Employee Claims: How To Handle Complaints and Investigations - Anderson Jones, from www.andersonandjones.com
  19. WORKPLACE INVESTIGATION GUIDE, from www.trupphr.com
  20. Meaningful Use, from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7966550/
  21. Success Strategies for the Second Stage of Meaningful Use, from www.physicianspractice.com
  22. Meaningful Use: Electronic Health Record (EHR) incentive programs, from www.ama-assn.org
  23. Sustaining “Meaningful Use” of Health Information Technology in Low-Resource Practices, from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4291260/

SOC 2 vs ISO 27001: What’s the Difference and Which Standard Do You Need?

Navigating the world of cybersecurity can be bewildering, especially for startups and SaaS companies aiming to establish their digital fortitude. Two standards, SOC 2 and ISO 27001, often stand as the benchmarks to measure the security practices of such entities, but understanding which is right for your business can be complex.

In this comprehensive guide, we dissect the nuances of SOC 2 and ISO 27001, helping you make an informed decision that not only protects your organization, but also aligns with your business goals.

SOC 2: Understanding the Basics

SOC 2, developed by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), focuses on service organizations and their internal controls, with a keen eye on the security, availability, processing integrity, confidentiality, and privacy of data. It's not a one-size-fits-all standard but flexible enough to adapt to a variety of business operations and services.

Contrary to many misnomers, SOC 2 is a report, an attestation from a certified CPA auditor. It is subjective and is a professional opinion by a third party regarding the maturity of the subject’s risk management program.

The Five Trust Service Criteria under SOC 2

Type 1 and Type 2

  1. SOC Type 1 Report:
    • Description: A Type 1 report provides management’s description of a service organization’s system. It includes details about the system’s design and the controls that have been installed.
    • Auditor’s Role: The service auditor evaluates the suitability of the design of these controls.
    • Time Frame: A Type 1 report describes procedures and controls as of a specific point in time.
    • Focus: It attests to the suitability of the controls being used.
    • Operating Effectiveness: However, it does not provide evidence concerning the operating effectiveness of controls.
  2. SOC Type 2 Report:
    • Description: A Type 2 report goes beyond design assessment. It also includes information on the operating effectiveness of controls during an audit period.
    • Auditor’s Role: The service auditor assesses how the organization operated those controls over the designated time period.
    • Time Frame: A Type 2 report covers how the controls have been operating during the audit period.
    • Focus: It contains an opinion regarding the operating effectiveness of controls.
    • Risk Assessment: Both reports assist in identifying and assessing the risk, but a Type 2 report provides evidence about how controls have functioned over time.

In summary, while a Type 1 report describes the installed procedures and controls, a Type 2 report provides evidence about how those controls have been operated over a period of time. Auditors often request these reports to gain assurance regarding the efficacy of controls put in place by service organizations. Keep in mind that the choice between Type 1 and Type 2 depends on the specific audit needs and risk assessment.

Who Needs SOC 2 and Why?

Any entity that provides services to other companies and deals with their data e.g., SaaS companies, hosting providers, and processing companies. A SOC 2 report demonstrates a high level of data protection, which is becoming a common ask from clients concerned about the safety of their data.

ISO 27001: Understanding the basics

While SOC 2 is specific to service organizations, ISO 27001 is a more general framework applicable to any organization, regardless of size, type, or nature.

It’s an international standard that specifies the requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving an organization’s information security management system (ISMS).

How ISO 27001 Works

ISO 27001's focus is on ensuring that a structured information security framework is in place and maintained by the organization. The standard covers an extensive range of security domains, including management’s responsibility, internal audits, continual improvement, and more.

Who Needs ISO 27001 and Why?

ISO 27001 is sought after by organizations that wish to demonstrate not only their commitment but their capability to manage security risks. This standard is particularly important for 2nd and 3rd party vetting, i.e., when organizations are assessed by clients or partners.

Comparing the Two

Flexibility and Applicability

SOC 2 is specifically designed for service providers and is becoming a virtual necessity for SaaS companies. ISO 27001, on the other hand, is more broad-reaching and therefore can be applied to a larger variety of organizations.

Depth of Coverage

While both standards cover similar aspects of security (availability, confidentiality, integrity), ISO 27001 is often considered to provide a more comprehensive framework for managing information security risks.

Geography and Market Demands

The choice between the two standards can be influenced by the geographic and market factors. ISO 27001, being an international standard, holds broader recognition globally. However, SOC 2 is increasingly becoming a strong requirement in the North American market.

Selecting the Right Standard for You

Consider Your Client Base

If you are primarily focused towards North America, or you have a mostly SaaS client base, SOC 2 may be your priority. For more diverse client bases or an international focus, ISO 27001 might be the better choice.

Operational Requirements

Your business operations, the sensitivity of the data you handle, and the complexity of your IT systems also play a critical role. If your infrastructures are already aligned towards ISO 27001 principles or if they are quite elaborate, it may be more efficient to pursue ISO 27001 compliance.

Time and Resources

Implementing either standard demands considerable time, effort, and sometimes even money. If you need to get to market quickly with a guarantee of good security practices, SOC 2 might be a more agile initial step. SOC 2, type 1, limited to only the security trust services criteria, provides an implementation, the policies, plans and controls. It can be done with no operating history. As a result, it is a good place to start. An auditor can update the report to add more TSCs, and as time passes, update the report to look at hte efficacy over time, as a SOC 2, type 2.

Adding ISO 27001 can be a longer-term strategic decision, especially if you aim for broader international compliance.

Long-Term Strategy

It's important to consider your business's long-term trajectory. If global recognition and longevity are significant factors, ISO 27001 offers continued growth potential.

Walking the Path to Compliance

Regardless of which standard you opt for, the compliance process will typically involve:

  1. Scoping: Defining the boundaries of the information security management system (ISMS) in the case of ISO 27001, and the specific services within the SOC 2 compliance.
  2. Risk Assessment: Identifying potential risks to the security of your data and systems.
  3. Controls Implementation: Developing and deploying policies, procedures, and technical measures to mitigate risks.
  4. Monitoring and Review: Regularly reviewing the efficacy of the controls put in place and adjusting as necessary.
  5. Certification Audit: An independent, accredited auditor assesses the scope, risks, and controls within your organization to verify compliance.

Conclusion

The decision to pursue SOC 2 or ISO 27001 can be pivotal for your organization's security posture, operational efficiency, and market positioning. It's critical to evaluate which standard aligns best with your company’s objectives, client expectations, and long-term growth strategies. Whichever path you choose, engaging with professional consultants and auditors can streamline the process and ensure the most effective outcomes. Take the time to evaluate the distinct features of both standards and make an informed decision that protects your data and your business trajectory.

Implementing Secure SDLC: Best Coding Practices for a Secure Software Development Life Cycle (SSDLC)

WarGames HD Wallpaper | Background Image | 1920x1080

WarGames by John Badham(1983)

Introduction to SSDLC

With the increasing quantity of cyberattacks and information violations, software application protection has actually become an essential facet of the software development process. In the last few years, there has actually been an expanding focus on Secure Software Development, with programmers looking to integrate security into every phase of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). This focus has actually brought to life the Secure SDLC procedure, or SSDLC, which looks to attend to potential security vulnerabilities as well as issues in the software development process.

Secure SDLC is a procedure that highlights application security as well as looks to incorporate security requirements, factors to consider, and screening into every phase of the SDLC. Secure SDLC intends to lower security risks, stop potential security issues, and decrease the exploitation of security vulnerabilities. Its execution includes best practices and standards that help the development team create safe code and automate security testing.

This article gives a summary of the Secure SDLC procedure and the significance of secure coding methods to ensure secure software development. We will certainly be reviewing the various stages of the SDLC and how to integrate security into each phase. Furthermore, we will certainly likewise highlight the advantages of applying a Secure SDLC procedure and the future of Secure SDLC in attending to contemporary cyber risks.

Understanding the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC)

The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is the procedure by which software programs are developed, established, evaluated, and released. It is a thorough procedure that includes various stages, each of which adds to the general software development process. The stages of SDLC are:

WarGames by John Badham(1983)

Requirements Gathering and Analysis

This is the phase where the development team recognizes and specifies the demands of the software program to be created. This phase helps lay the structure of the software program and offers the designers the support they require.

Design

This phase includes engineers coupled with developers that interact to come up with a plan for the software application task. The design phase takes into consideration various elements such as software program style, interface layout, and information modeling.

Implementation

The development team begins coding the software application in this phase. This phase of the SDLC consists of various coding methods, such as secure coding methods, as well as best practices that assist in reducing susceptibilities as well as security risks.

Testing

Once the development team is done, coding screening is done to recognize any susceptibilities and security issues presented throughout the advancement phase. The screening phase additionally consists of automated security testing to guarantee that any type of potential security vulnerability is captured.

Deployment

In this phase, the software application is released right into the manufacturing setting. All the essential software program parts are set up, and the software application is set up to satisfy its desired function.

Maintenance

This is the last phase of the SDLC. It consists of maintaining the software program, dealing with any kind of security vulnerability or insect that develops, and also making sure the software application is running efficiently.

Integrating security into every phase of the SDLC is necessary as it assists in preventing potential security risks as well as susceptibilities. Secure SDLC intends to emphasize application security and the relevance of taking safety and security into consideration early in the software development process. Including safety and security right into each phase of the software development process helps to make sure that security issues are determined very early and also dealt with at the appropriate phase of the SDLC.

Secure SDLC looks to set particular standards for the development team on how they can attend to security concerns within each phase of the SDLC. These standards consist of best practices for secure coding, automated security testing, and various other security considerations. Throughout the needs assessment and evaluation phases, it is essential to specify security requirements for the software program. This helps make certain that the development team takes safety and security into consideration throughout the advancement phase.

Integrating safety and security throughout the SDLC procedure is essential given that security vulnerabilities can result in the loss or burglary of delicate information, system accidents, and damage to a company's credibility. By having a secure SDLC in place, companies can cultivate general safety and security awareness and alleviate threats early in the software development process.

Secure Coding Practices for Software Development

Including security activities at every stage of the SDLC is an essential part of structuring safe and secure software applications that can shield against progressively innovative security threats.

Focusing on Security at Every Stage of the SDLC

Developing secure software depends on focusing on security at every stage of the SDLC. To create a secure application, programmers should determine and deal with security issues earlier in the development cycle. Best practices for developing secure software consist of integrating safety right into the coding practices as well as techniques, constructing safety right into each phase of the SDLC as well as the application development process, and also making use of security tools and practices throughout the SDLC.

Implementing a Secure SDLC

Carrying out a secure SDLC involves incorporating safety and security into the development process. Every stage of the SDLC must consist of security activities, particularly the planning phase, requirements phase, design phase, development phase, screening phase, deployment phase, and maintenance phase. To supply secure products, it's necessary to incorporate safety right into the SDLC process.

Secure Coding Practices

Secure coding practices aim to develop software applications that are durable against numerous kinds of attacks. The execution of secure coding guidelines is vital to developing secure software. Secure coding standards, such as the application of coding best practices, and automated security testing, such as making use of automated tools, need to be developed right into the SDLC methodology to guarantee that safety and security are given due significance.

Security Team Involvement

Entailing a security team in the SDLC process is crucial to making certain that programmers and various other employees comprehend security requirements, which are incorporated early in the development process. The security team is accountable for determining security risks in the application, executing security checks, and guaranteeing that security policies are being followed throughout the SDLC process.

Cloud-Native Security

Cloud-native security describes the assimilation of security in the software development phase to guarantee that cloud-based software programs do not endanger safety and security. Cloud-native safety and security entails making use of application security testing devices as well as carrying out the essential protection procedures within the cloud growth atmosphere, such as firewall programs, surveillance, and accessibility controls.

Automated Security Testing

Automated security testing is important for assisting in determining security vulnerabilities in code and decreasing the threat of security threats. Automated tools can identify susceptibilities early in the development process by supplying protection comments and enabling the development team to take proper action to resolve problems. Automating security testing makes certain that security checks are done at every stage of the SDLC.

Ensuring a Secure SDLC

Ensuring a secure SDLC involves incorporating safety right into the software development process. Including security practices and tools at every stage of the SDLC makes certain that software programs are highly secure as well as durable against assaults. It's vital to include security best practices in the development phase and to keep security in mind when preparing for the application development process.

Manual Security Testing

Manual security testing is an additional critical element of the SDLC process. Hands-on screening aids to ensure that the software is examined versus well-known security threats and susceptibilities coupled with threats Hands-on screening helps determine security issues that automated security testing might not have the ability to discover.

Benefits of having a Secure SDLC


Integrating a Secure Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) procedure right into the software application development cycle makes sure the growth of a secure application that is shielded against security vulnerabilities and dangers. Below are some advantages of carrying out a Secure SDLC process within software application advancement:

Boosted Software Security

Security threats prevail, coupled with the variety of businesses coming down with information violations and security vulnerabilities. By incorporating security practices and treatments at every stage of the SDLC process, you can protect against security risks and susceptibilities from affecting your software. Concentrating on security at every stage of the SDLC process makes sure that highly secure products are provided, decreasing the danger of being a prospective target for cyber threats.

Enhanced Continuous Software Delivery

The SDLC process should be maximized for constant distribution, offering trustworthy as well as prompt software application updates to stay up-to-date with developing market needs. A Secure SDLC involves the assimilation of safety and security procedures plus the fostering of security best practices, making certain that these updates are safe and secure, regular, and do not present brand-new security threats.

Boosted Software Performance as well as Quality

By including security activities and checks within the SDLC, companies can recognize security vulnerabilities and address code issues earlier in the development cycle. The early recognition of security risks assists companies in supplying top-quality software that fulfills efficiency as well as top-quality demands, enhancing the individual experience and boosting client contentment.

Decreased Software Development Costs

Resolving security risks at an early stage, in contrast to later on in the development cycle, can help reduce software program advancement expenses. This is since recognizing and also repairing security issues late in the SDLC process can be lengthy and expensive, which can intensify the expense of software application growth.


Finally, secure software development methods are essential to constructing protection into every phase of the software development life cycle. The Secure SDLC process includes incorporating security into your SDLC, which guarantees your applications are highly secure, reputable, and resistant to security vulnerabilities. The advantages of having a Secure SDLC process consist of boosted software security, constant software application distribution, boosted software application efficiency, high quality, and minimized software program advancement expenses. With the appropriate protection methods, devices, and training, companies can make certain that their software is protected, boosting protection methods as well as reducing cyber risks. Every service must think about applying a Secure SDLC process to remain ahead of hazards and also develop highly secure applications.

Conclusion

The idea of a secure software development life cycle (SSDLC) has actually reinvented the SDLC process, stressing the demand for secure coding practices as well as implementing a secure SDLC for software program advancement. The objective is to guarantee that each stage of the SDLC involves the most effective secure coding practices, including security checks, automated security testing, and including security into your SDLC. The execution of a secure SDLC must concentrate on safety and security at every phase of the development cycle, such as preparation, growth, release, and upkeep, to ensure a safe and secure item.

The methodology that the development and security teams adopt is crucial to the success of a secure SDLC. The security team has to guarantee that safety and security are built into each phase of the SDLC. They must additionally recognize security issues earlier in the development process to deliver more secure products. Secure SDLC provides security policies, devices, and techniques to make it possible for the growth of highly secure software programs.

The future of Secure SDLC depends on cloud-native protection plus automation of protection jobs utilizing automated tools. The release of secure design and coding best practices will certainly ensure that the software is of excellent quality and is safe from security risks left in the code. The application of secure SDLC best practices can help in resolving contemporary cyber hazards by making sure that the software application created fulfills the security requirements.

To conclude, secure coding practices as well as implementing a secure SDLC for software application growth are critical to developing a secure application. Concentrating on security at every stage of the SDLC is essential to ensuring a secure software development process. The fostering of best secure coding practices as well as the assimilation of security tools and practices throughout the SDLC can dramatically minimize security vulnerabilities in code, ensuring the security of the application. As a result, it is important to integrate security into the software development process as well as make certain that safety and security are kept in mind at every stage of the SDLC.

Fan Art by Skynet Wallpapers - Wallpaper Cave

Notable Mentions

We are amazed at the number of submissions we have gotten to date, but even more so, we are incredibly grateful to over 150 core contributors who have devoted their time and resources to helping us provide up-to-date information. Send your stories and announcements to knowledgebase@airius.com. 

The Risk Maturity Knowledgebase restarts an effort that we began in 2007. With hundreds of volunteers, interns and staff members at the time, along with over 60 weekly translations, our predecessor became the standard for GPL and open source security information.

The Risk Maturity Knowledgebase restarts an effort that we began in 2007. With hundreds of volunteers, interns and staff members at the time, along with over 60 weekly translations, our predecessor became the standard for GPL and open source security information. Can you translate the blog? Please reach out.

Ready to Help!

If we can help you with risk management, SOC reporting, an emergency or you just need guidance with INFOSEC or IP issues, please reach out to us.

At Airius, we depend on our friends at A-Lign to provide auditors and experience with the SOC reporting and auditing process. We work closely with companies to get them through it.

Airius and A-Lign

Additionally, Airius is a certified partner (partner, developer, professional services) with Checkmarx.

http://checkmarx.com

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References and Credits

What is PCI DSS? Understanding Risk Maturity Standards

The Airius Risk Maturity Knowledgebase is intended to give you a snapshot of those things in the world affecting information risk for April 14th through April 21th, 2023.

The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) is an information security standard used to handle credit cards from major card brands such as Visa, MasterCard, American Express etc. It is administered by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council and its use is mandated by the card brands. The standard applies to any organization involved in the processing, transmission, and storage of credit card information. The PCI DSS designates four levels of compliance based on transaction volume. Organizations of all sizes must follow PCI DSS standards if they accept payment cards from the five major credit card brands.

Why is PCI DSS important for business?

PCI DSS is important for businesses because it contains technical requirements which protect and secure payment card data during processing, handling, storage, and transmission. All businesses that handle payment card data, no matter their size or processing methods, must follow these requirements and be PCI compliant. By following this standard, businesses can keep their data secure, avoiding costly data breaches and protecting their employees and customers. PCI DSS requirements help organizations safeguard their business and reduce the risk of cardholder data loss.

How does PCI DSS compliance demonstrate risk maturity?

PCI DSS compliance demonstrates risk maturity because it shows that an organization has taken steps to protect its customers’ sensitive data and reduce the risk of data breaches. By following PCI DSS standards, businesses can demonstrate that they have implemented security controls and processes to protect their customers’ payment card data. This can help build trust with customers and partners, as well as reduce the risk of financial losses due to data breaches.

Is PCI aligned with recognized standards like the NIST CSF?

Yes, PCI DSS aligns with recognized standards like the NIST CSF (National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework). The NIST CSF provides a framework for managing cybersecurity risk and is designed to help organizations identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks. PCI DSS is one of the frameworks that can be used to implement the NIST CSF. The PCI DSS contains technical requirements which protect and secure payment card data during processing, handling, storage, and transmission.

What are some common risk management frameworks?

Some common risk management frameworks include ISO (International Organization for Standardization), NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), and RISK IT. These frameworks define how people leverage processes to manage technology, ensure oversight, and reduce an organization’s risk exposure. Other frameworks include COSO (Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission) and FAIR (Factor Analysis of Information Risk).

What are some benefits of PCI DSS compliance?

Some benefits of PCI DSS compliance include reducing the risk of security incidents and data breaches, building customer trust, avoiding fines and penalties, and meeting global data security standards. PCI DSS compliance means that your systems are secure, reducing the chances of data breaches. It only takes one high-profile security breach to cost your customers’ loyalty, sink your reputation as a business, and lead to significant financial losses.

What is the PCI DSS Standard?

The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) is an information security standard used to handle credit cards from major card brands. The standard is administered by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council, and its use is mandated by the card brands. The PCI DSS applies to any organization involved in the processing, transmission, and storage of credit card information.

What are the parts of the PCI DSS standard?

The PCI DSS has twelve requirements for compliance, organized into six related groups known as control objectives. The six control objectives are:

  1. Build and maintain a secure network and systems
  2. Protect cardholder data
  3. Maintain a vulnerability management program
  4. Implement strong access-control measures
  5. Regularly monitor and test networks
  6. Maintain an information security policy

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The twelve requirements for compliance to PCI DSS are:

  1. Install and maintain a firewall configuration to protect cardholder data
  2. Do not use vendor-supplied defaults for system passwords and other security parameters
  3. Protect stored cardholder data
  4. Encrypt transmission of cardholder data across open, public networks
  5. Use and regularly update anti-virus software or programs
  6. Develop and maintain secure systems and applications
  7. Restrict access to cardholder data by business need-to-know
  8. Assign a unique ID to each person with computer access
  9. Restrict physical access to cardholder data
  10. Track and monitor all access to network resources and cardholder data
  11. Regularly test security systems and processes
  12. Maintain a policy that addresses information security for all personnel.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How does a company get PCI certified?

To become PCI certified, a company must follow these steps:

  1. Determine your certification level
  2. Understand PCI DSS requirements
  3. Complete your ROC, AOC or SAQ
  4. Verify your status and commitment to following compliance standards
  5. Perform quarterly scans
  6. Communicate compliance with banks and payment companies

The entity that requires your PCI compliance (customers, acquiring bank, credit card companies) will usually specify in their request that you perform either a Report on Compliance (RoC) or a Self-Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ).

Any company that accepts credit or debit card payments needs to either complete an annual Self-Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ) or be assessed by a QSA to remain compliant with the PCI DSS. Only Level 1 merchants, or those that have suffered a significant hack that compromised important data, are required to use a QSA.

A QSA is a Qualified Security Assessor appointed by the PCI Council, to validate Merchants and Service Providers against the PCI DSS Standards and verify whether or not they are compliant. To maintain their QSA credential, QSAs are required to do a certain number of hours of educational activities every year.

Summary – Why is ISO27001 certification so important?

PCI certification is important because it helps companies protect the security of their data by following best practices and established requirements, which can mitigate the risk of data breaches and help protect sensitive customer financial information. It can also help companies gain access to merchant processing vendors, enhance business security, improve customer confidence, and reduce risk for penalties.

In The News

Notable Mentions

We are amazed at the number of submissions we have gotten to date, but even more so, we are incredibly grateful to over 150 core contributors who have devoted their time and resources to helping us provide up-to-date information. Send your stories and announcements to knowledgebase@airius.com. 

The Risk Maturity Knowledgebase restarts an effort that we began in 2007. With hundreds of volunteers, interns and staff members at the time, along with over 60 weekly translations, our predecessor became the standard for GPL and open source security information.

The Risk Maturity Knowledgebase restarts an effort that we began in 2007. With hundreds of volunteers, interns and staff members at the time, along with over 60 weekly translations, our predecessor became the standard for GPL and open source security information. Can you translate the blog? Please reach out.

 Ready to Help!

If we can help you with risk management, ISO 27001 compliance, an emergency or you just need guidance with INFOSEC, please reach out to us.

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HIPAA - What is HIPAA? Understanding Risk Maturity Standards

University of Nebraska Base Hospital No. 49 was mobilized in March 1918.

From the archives: World War I Physician - McGoogan News | McGoogan News | University of Nebraska Medical Center (unmc.edu)

Introduction

The Airius Risk Maturity Knowledgebase is intended to give you a snapshot of those things in the world affecting information risk for April 22th through April 28th, 2023.

HIPAA stands for Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996. It is a federal law that sets standards for protecting the privacy and security of health information in the United States. HIPAA applies to covered entities and business associates that handle protected health information (PHI).

PHI is any information that can identify a person and relates to their health condition, health care services, or payment for health care. Examples of PHI include name, address, date of birth, medical records, diagnosis, treatment, insurance information, and billing information.

HIPAA compliance means following the rules and regulations of HIPAA to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of PHI. HIPAA compliance is important for both healthcare providers and patients because it:

What are the main components of HIPAA compliance?

HIPAA compliance consists of four main components:

The Privacy Rule

The Privacy Rule establishes the rights of patients to access and control their own PHI and the obligations of covered entities and business associates to protect the privacy of PHI. The Privacy Rule requires covered entities and business associates to:

The Security Rule

The Security Rule establishes the standards for protecting the security of PHI that is created, received, maintained, or transmitted electronically (e-PHI). The Security Rule requires covered entities and business associates to:

The Breach Notification Rule

The Breach Notification Rule requires covered entities and business associates to notify affected individuals, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and in some cases the media in the event of a breach of unsecured PHI. A breach is defined as an impermissible use or disclosure of PHI that compromises its security or privacy. Unsecured PHI is PHI that is not rendered unusable, unreadable, or indecipherable to unauthorized persons through encryption or destruction.

The Breach Notification Rule requires covered entities and business associates to:

The notification must include:

The Enforcement Rule

The Enforcement Rule establishes the procedures and penalties for enforcing HIPAA compliance. The Enforcement Rule authorizes HHS to investigate complaints, conduct audits, and impose civil monetary penalties for violations of HIPAA. The Enforcement Rule also grants the authority to the Department of Justice to prosecute criminal cases for willful violations of HIPAA.

The Enforcement Rule provides for different levels of penalties based on the nature and extent of the violation and the degree of culpability of the violator. The penalties range from $100 to $50,000 per violation, with a maximum of $1.5 million per year for identical violations. In addition, criminal penalties can range from $50,000 to $250,000 in fines and from one to 10 years in prison.

How does HIPAA compliance demonstrate risk maturity?

HIPAA compliance demonstrates risk maturity by requiring organizations to conduct an accurate and thorough assessment of the potential risks and vulnerabilities to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of electronic protected health information (e-PHI). This risk analysis is the first step in an organization’s Security Rule compliance efforts and is an ongoing process that should provide the organization with a detailed understanding of the risks to e-PHI.

HIPAA security compliance is not a point-in-time achievement, but rather a duty of care process that operates over time. To achieve ongoing due care, HIPAA risk management is applied. This involves monitoring and correcting security controls so they remain effective at reducing risk.

Is HIPAA aligned with recognized standards like the NIST CSF?

Yes, HIPAA is aligned with recognized standards like the NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF). The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) has released a crosswalk developed with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT (ONC), that identifies “mappings” between the NIST Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity (the Cybersecurity Framework) and the HIPAA Security Rule.

Organizations that have already aligned their security programs to either the NIST Cybersecurity Framework or the HIPAA Security Rule may find this crosswalk helpful in identifying potential gaps in their programs. Taking specific action to address these gaps can bolster compliance with the Security Rule and improve an entity’s ability to secure ePHI from a broad range of threats.

What are some common risk management frameworks?

There are several common risk management frameworks that organizations use to manage and reduce cybersecurity risk. Some examples include:

These frameworks provide a structured approach to identifying, assessing, and managing risk across an organization.

What are some benefits of HIPAA compliance?

There are several benefits of HIPAA compliance for both healthcare organizations and patients. For healthcare organizations, HIPAA compliance can help to streamline administrative healthcare functions, improve efficiency in the healthcare industry, and ensure protected health information is shared securely. HIPAA compliance can also help to foster trust and loyalty with patients, increase profitability, and differentiate your business from others.

For patients, HIPAA compliance ensures that healthcare providers, health plans, healthcare clearinghouses, and business associates of HIPAA-covered entities must implement multiple safeguards to protect sensitive personal and health information. HIPAA gives patients control over who their information is released to and who it is shared with. It also allows patients to take a more active role in their healthcare by giving them the ability to obtain copies of their health information and check for errors.

What is the HIPAA Standard?

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) is a federal law that required the creation of national standards to protect sensitive patient health information from being disclosed without the patient’s consent or knowledge. The US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issued the HIPAA Privacy Rule to implement the requirements of HIPAA. The HIPAA Security Rule protects a subset of information covered by the Privacy Rule.

The Privacy Rule standards address the use and disclosure of individuals’ health information (known as protected health information or PHI) by entities subject to the Privacy Rule. These individuals and organizations are called “covered entities.” The Privacy Rule also contains standards for individuals’ rights to understand and control how their health information is used. A major goal of the Privacy Rule is to make sure that individuals’ health information is properly protected while allowing the flow of health information needed to provide and promote high-quality healthcare, and to protect the public’s health and well-being.

What is HITECH

The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act was enacted as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. It was signed into law on February 17, 2009, to promote the adoption and meaningful use of health information technology. Subtitle D of the HITECH Act addresses the privacy and security concerns associated with the electronic transmission of health information, in part, through several provisions that strengthen the civil and criminal enforcement of the HIPAA rules.

HITECH incentivized the adoption and use of health information technology, enabled patients to take a proactive interest in their health, paved the way for the expansion of Health Information Exchanges, and strengthened the privacy and security provisions of HIPAA. HITECH strengthened HIPAA by extending the reach of the HIPAA Security Rule to Business Associates of Covered Entities, who also had to comply with certain Privacy Rule standards and the new Breach Notification Rule. Tougher penalties for HIPAA compliance failures were also introduced to add an extra incentive for healthcare organizations and their business associates to comply with the HIPAA Privacy and Security Rules.

What are the parts of the HIPAA standard?

The complete suite of HIPAA Administrative Simplification Regulations can be found at 45 CFR Part 160, Part 162, and Part 164, and includes:

1. Transactions and Code Set Standards

The HIPAA Transactions and Code Set Standards are rules to standardize the electronic exchange of patient-identifiable, health-related information. They require providers and health plans to use standard content, formats, and coding. The purpose of the standards is to simplify processes and decrease costs associated with payment for health care services. The standards apply to patient-identifiable health information transmitted electronically.

2. Identifier Standards

The HIPAA Identifier Standards require covered healthcare providers, health plans, and health care clearinghouses to use a ten-digit “National Provider Identifier” number for all administrative transactions under HIPAA, while covered employers must use the Employer Identification Number issued by the IRS.

3. Privacy Rule

The HIPAA Privacy Rule establishes national standards to protect individuals' medical records and other individually identifiable health information (collectively defined as “protected health information”) and applies to health plans, health care clearinghouses, and those health care providers that conduct certain health care transactions electronically. The Rule requires appropriate safeguards to protect the privacy of protected health information and sets limits and conditions on the uses and disclosures that may be made of such information without an individual’s authorization. The Rule also gives individuals rights over their protected health information, including rights to examine and obtain a copy of their health records, to direct a covered entity to transmit to a third party an electronic copy of their protected health information in an electronic health record, and to request corrections.

4. Security Rule

The HIPAA Security Rule establishes national standards to protect individuals’ electronic personal health information that is created, received, used, or maintained by a covered entity. The Security Rule requires appropriate administrative, physical and technical safeguards to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and security of electronic protected health information¹.

5. Enforcement Rule

The HIPAA Enforcement Rule contains provisions relating to compliance and investigations, the imposition of civil money penalties for violations of the HIPAA Administrative Simplification Rules, and procedures for hearings. The HIPAA Enforcement Rule is codified at 45 CFR Part 160, Subparts C, D, and E.

6. Breach Notification Rule

The HIPAA Breach Notification Rule, 45 CFR §§ 164.400-414, requires HIPAA covered entities and their business associates to provide notification following a breach of unsecured protected health information.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How does a company get HIPAA certified?

There is no official HIPAA certification process or accreditation recognized by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) or its Office for Civil Rights (OCR). However, some companies offer HIPAA certification programs that provide training on HIPAA regulations and assess an organization's compliance with the regulations. These programs can help organizations understand their obligations under HIPAA and demonstrate their commitment to protecting patient privacy and security.

How can you acheive HIPAA compliance?

HIPAA compliance is not a one-time event, but an ongoing process that requires constant vigilance and improvement. To achieve HIPAA compliance, you need to:

HIPAA compliance is not only a legal obligation, but also a best practice for ensuring the trust and satisfaction of your patients and customers. By following HIPAA compliance, you can demonstrate your commitment to protecting their health information and providing them with quality health care services.

Conclusion

HIPAA compliance is a complex and challenging topic that affects every aspect of health care delivery in the United States. It is essential for both health care providers and patients to understand what HIPAA compliance entails and why it matters. By complying with HIPAA, you can protect the privacy and security of health information, enhance the quality and efficiency of health care services, and reduce the risk of legal liability or reputational damage.

If you need help with achieving HIPAA compliance, you can contact us at info@airius.com.

We are a team of experts who can provide you with customized solutions and support for your HIPAA compliance needs. We can help you with:

Don’t wait until it’s too late. Contact us today and let us help you achieve HIPAA compliance with confidence and ease.

Regulatory compliance with Airius

In The News

Notable Mentions

We are amazed at the number of submissions we have gotten to date, but even more so, we are incredibly grateful to over 150 core contributors who have devoted their time and resources to helping us provide up-to-date information. Send your stories and announcements to knowledgebase@airius.com. 

The Risk Maturity Knowledgebase restarts an effort that we began in 2007. With hundreds of volunteers, interns and staff members at the time, along with over 60 weekly translations, our predecessor became the standard for GPL and open source security information.

The Risk Maturity Knowledgebase restarts an effort that we began in 2007. With hundreds of volunteers, interns and staff members at the time, along with over 60 weekly translations, our predecessor became the standard for GPL and open source security information. Can you translate the blog? Please reach out.

Ready to Help!

If we can help you with risk management, SOC reporting, an emergency or you just need guidance with INFOSEC, please reach out to us.

Coming Soon

License

References and Credits

Preserving Patient Privacy and HIPAA

Understanding HIPAA and its importance

In today's electronic age, the defense of delicate personal information has actually ended up being vital in the medical care market. In the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), a thorough regulatory structure was developed to protect individual personal privacy as well as hold doctors liable for their information protection methods. At the core of HIPAA's demands exists the essential procedure of performing HIPAA risk assessments—an organized examination of prospective susceptibilities, risks, and threats to protected health information (PHI).

HIPAA, known as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, states rigorous standards to ensure the protection and personal privacy of individuals' protected health information. The main goals of these regulations are two-fold: initially, to safeguard personal information from unapproved accessibility, usage, or disclosure; and second, to develop responsibility amongst medical care entities for their compliance with the safety and personal privacy laws. Failing to follow HIPAA can cause serious repercussions consisting of substantial penalties and reputational damages, which might substantially influence the economic security as well as credibility of health care companies.

In addition, the climbing value of information and personal privacy in the electronic age includes seriousness about HIPAA compliance. With a growing variety of cyber hazards and information violations targeting doctors, the requirement for durable security measures cannot be overemphasized. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), via its Office for Civil Rights (OCR), is in charge of applying HIPAA compliance and also examining possible offenses.

To ensure compliance with HIPAA, covered entities and business associates are required to carry out a thorough risk assessment, also called a security risk assessment. This vital procedure includes determining prospective threats, examining their prospective effect on PHI, and executing ideal risk management approaches to alleviate susceptibilities properly.

In the upcoming areas of this blog, we will dive much deeper into the essential facets of HIPAA risk assessments, recognizing the risk assessment process and the function it plays in attaining and maintaining HIPAA compliance. We will discover exactly how companies can conduct risk assessments efficiently using the devices and sources offered for this function, as well as the assimilation of danger analysis searches into thorough risk management strategies. In addition, we will stress the relevance of HIPAA compliance policemen as well as skilled employees in promoting the risk assessment process, lining up security policies and procedures with HIPAA requirements, and preparing companies to react efficiently in instances of protection events or violations.

Questions about HIPAA compliance?

Achieving the discipline and dedication to be HIPAA compliant is a big deal. Maintaining that level of risk management is an even bigger deal.

Check out our blogs, learn more about the risk management process, or contact us today.

Navigating HIPAA Risk Assessments

A HIPAA risk assessment acts as a foundation in the pursuit of preserving the highest possible criteria for patient-data security while sticking to the rigorous policies stated by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). Comprehending the complexities of this vital procedure is critical for health care companies to protect protected health information (PHI) and ensure complete compliance with the HIPAA Security Rule as well as the Privacy Rule.

At its most fundamental level, a HIPAA risk assessment is a comprehensive evaluation that is designed to identify potential vulnerabilities, dangers, and threats that potentially compromise the privacy, integrity, and accessibility of protected health information (PHI). firms are able to acquire crucial insights about the current condition of their security measures as well as risk management strategies by doing such an evaluation. This provides the firms with the ability to take proactive actions to safeguard sensitive customer information.

Airius can guide you through a proper HIPAA Risk Assessment. While there is a free option, the paid version allows you to add your practice information, upload evidence, get professional assistance, get a score and analysis of your disclosure and schedule a followup.

The free version is linked above. The professional version is $1,899.

Recognizing Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Potential Impacts on Patient Data:

The first thing that has to be done is an in-depth review of the company's structure, operations, and techniques in order to locate any potential vulnerabilities. These may then be used to pinpoint potential dangers that could target protected health information (PHI) as well as potential fallout from a breach in information security.

Carrying Out a Risk Assessment

A Step-by-Step Guide approach is vital to ensuring an extensive and reputable danger evaluation. This includes comprehending the risk assessment process, consisting of the range, goals, and approach. In addition, including appropriate stakeholders such as IT workers, compliance police officers, and personal privacy police officers promotes cooperation and brings varied viewpoints right into the evaluation.

The Role of Technology in HIPAA Risk Assessments

Embracing modern technology is vital to enhancing the risk assessment process. Making use of specialized software programs and devices, plus automation, makes it possible for reliable analyses, information evaluation, and threat tracking. Innovation not only conserves time and resources but also boosts the precision and integrity of risk assessments.

Typical Challenges Faced During Risk Assessments, Coupled with Strategies to Overcome Them

Risk assessments can present difficulties, such as source restrictions, complicated IT facilities, and differing levels of compliance understanding amongst teams. Getting rid of these obstacles demands clear interaction, continuous education and learning, and durable risk management to resolve recognized dangers efficiently.

Compliance with HIPAA policies is critical to shielding individuals' private information and preserving the trust of both individuals and governing authorities. The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) manages the enforcement of HIPAA compliance, and failing to conform can cause serious repercussions consisting of considerable penalties as well as reputational damages.

In the coming areas of this blog, we will look into the subtleties of carrying out a HIPAA risk assessment. We will check out the ideal methods, approaches, and threat analysis devices utilized to recognize prospective dangers as well as susceptibilities. Moreover, we will certainly resolve the significance of risk analysis as well as risk management as critical elements of the analysis procedure.

Achieving and Maintaining HIPAA Compliance

While carrying out a HIPAA risk assessment is an essential action in the direction of information defense, accomplishing it coupled with preserving compliance surpasses recognizing dangers. Executing durable safeguards based on threat evaluation is the next important phase in strengthening data security. By attending to susceptibilities and boosting information security actions, medical care companies can proactively reduce possible dangers.

Train the Employees

To make certain all employees are educated and compliant with HIPAA laws, personnel training coupled with an understanding of campaigns is crucial. Health care entities should invest in continual education and learning, together with training programs, to keep personnel updated on current security measures as well as personal privacy methods. Effectively educated workers are the initial line of protection against information violations and human mistakes that might endanger personal details.

Regular Evaluations

Regular evaluations and updates are just as essential in the search for HIPAA compliance. Risk assessments ought not to be dealt with as a single task but rather as a recurring procedure. As the health care landscape advances, so do hazards and modern technologies. Consistently reviewing risk assessments enables companies to adjust and also react efficiently to brand-new difficulties, making sure that their information security methods continue to be current and durable.

Create a Case Reaction Strategy

Regardless of just how prepared a company is, protection occurrences as well as violations might still happen. Creating a distinct case reaction strategy is important to lessen the effect of such occasions. A clear plus combined with feedback can help reduce possible problems, determine the source of occurrences, and assist in the reconstruction of solutions as well as information stability.

Third Party Vendors

The duty of third-party suppliers and service affiliates to comply with HIPAA cannot be taken too lightly. Medical care companies typically rely on third-party suppliers for different solutions, and guaranteeing information safety throughout the supply chain is essential. Overseas entities have to function carefully with their company links to develop detailed information defense arrangements coupled with normal analyses to keep track of compliance.

Achieving and preserving HIPAA compliance calls for a complex method that incorporates risk assessments, the application of safeguards, personnel training, continuous evaluations, and durable event feedback preparation. By adhering to the finest techniques as well as remaining aggressive in their compliance initiatives, health care companies can construct a solid structure for securing delicate client details. Compliance with HIPAA is not simply a lawful demand but additionally an ethical responsibility to protect individual personal privacy and also preserve the trust fund of those looking for treatment. As modern technology and medical care techniques continue to develop, adherence to HIPAA's laws continues to be an important foundation for a safe and credible health care environment.

Now you know, What's next?

In a healthcare landscape increasingly dependent on electronic systems and data exchange, the value of HIPAA risk assessments cannot be overemphasized. These evaluations work as a critical column in guarding individual personal privacy and ensuring compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). By carrying out thorough risk evaluations, medical care companies can determine possible susceptibilities and risks, permitting them to execute efficient risk management techniques to safeguard people's delicate details.

Taking a positive approach to HIPAA compliance is extremely important in dealing with possible threats before they intensify into information violations or infractions. By consistently carrying out risk assessments, companies can remain one action ahead of arising risks and susceptibilities, guaranteeing their security measures will continue to be durable. Compliance with HIPAA is not just a legal commitment; it is also an ethical task to maintain a person's trust fund as well as privacy.

Urging health care companies to check out risk assessments as a continuous method is vital for adjusting to the ever-evolving landscape of hazards as well as innovations. As the health care sector continues to incorporate sophisticated innovations, the danger landscape advances appropriately. By keeping a constant cycle of risk assessments, companies can quickly recognize and attend to brand-new threats, boosting their information security techniques and minimizing the chance of future events.

HIPAA risk assessments play a crucial role in safeguarding individual information as well as preserving regulatory compliance. An aggressive approach coupled with a constant strategy to take the chance of analysis equips health care entities to shield the personal privacy of protected health information (PHI) properly. As modern technology continues to develop and brand-new hazards arise, focusing on risk assessments ends up being vital for the continued honesty and reliability of the health care community. By sticking to HIPAA requirements and welcoming risk assessments as an indispensable component of their procedures, medical care companies can strengthen their security measures, show a dedication to people's personal privacy, and also browse the complicated globe of medical care information defense with self-confidence.

Questions about HIPAA compliance?

Achieving the discipline and dedication to be HIPAA compliant is a big deal. Maintaining that level of risk management is an even bigger deal.

Check out our blogs, learn more about the risk management process, or contact us today.

Notable Mentions

We are amazed at the number of submissions we have gotten to date, but even more so, we are incredibly grateful to over 150 core contributors who have devoted their time and resources to helping us provide up-to-date information. Send your stories and announcements to knowledgebase@airius.com. 

The Risk Maturity Knowledgebase restarts an effort that we began in 2007. With hundreds of volunteers, interns and staff members at the time, along with over 60 weekly translations, our predecessor became the standard for GPL and open source security information.

The Risk Maturity Knowledgebase restarts an effort that we began in 2007. With hundreds of volunteers, interns and staff members at the time, along with over 60 weekly translations, our predecessor became the standard for GPL and open source security information. Can you translate the blog? Please reach out.

Ready to Help!

If we can help you with risk management, HIPAA compliance, an emergency or you just need guidance with INFOSEC or IP issues, please reach out to us.

License

References and Credits

The 2023 Definitive Guide to Understanding the Importance of HIPAA Compliance, Rules and Regulations in protecting Patient Privacy and Health Information

Understanding HIPAA

Protecting individuals' health information is a top priority for HHS.gov, the federal government agency entrusted with the responsibility of implementing the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted in 1996 with the intention of protecting patients' health records kept by covered institutions such as hospitals, clinics, health plans, and health care clearinghouses. The HIPAA Act establishes criteria for acceptable usage and also discloses people's health and wellness details, guaranteeing discretion and avoiding unapproved access. It details just how protected entities have to manage and protect individual wellness details, restricting their disclosure without the specific authorization of the person. Furthermore, the policy specifies the commitments and duties of service affiliates that aid covered entities with solutions entailing individual health and wellness details. The value of HIPAA laws cannot be overemphasized in today's electronic age, where health-related information is significantly saved and also sent digitally. Durable protects are important to secure delicate details from burglary, scams, and other violations that can result in substantial individual, monetary, or reputational injury. Consequently, HIPAA guidelines guarantee that health insurance plans, doctors, and various other protected entities handle individuals' personal wellness details with the utmost care. By applying protected web sites, developing stringent methods for sharing wellness information, and informing staff members regarding personal privacy methods, covered entities assure that people can trust that their wellness information stays private and is kept in complete confidence just when required, inevitably cultivating a much more durable and trusted health care system for all.

Current modifications in US states relating to HIPAA have actually concentrated on enhancing personal privacy regulations and also shielding wellness details. A number of states, such as California, New York, and Colorado, have actually applied more stringent laws to guarantee conformity as well as protect individual health and wellness information. These adjustments consist of raised fines for non-compliance, enhanced meanings of protected entities, enhanced disclosure demands, and also required training for medical care experts. Furthermore, several states have actually highlighted the requirement for safe and secure internet sites as well as encrypted interactions for transferring wellness information digitally. This aligns with the standards offered by HHS.gov, which concern the significance of securing health and wellness information and also suitably specifying company affiliates within the context of HIPAA policies.

Brief background and function of HIPAA

Prior to HIPAA being established, the handling of individual wellness details was greatly uncontrolled, leaving people susceptible to personal privacy violations. HIPAA was presented with the key goal of providing people with control over their health and wellness information while making sure that doctors and various other protected entities safely preserve it. The act is likewise intended to improve the medical care system by advertising the mobility of wellness insurance coverage and decreasing insurance coverage scams and misuse.

HIPAA Privacy Rule

The HIPAA Privacy Rule develops nationwide criteria to shield people's clinical documents as well as various other individual health and wellness information. Covered entities, such as doctor health insurance and health care clearinghouses, should apply plans as well as treatments to secure personal privacy. This consists of getting written permission from people prior to making use of or divulging their health and wellness details, along with ensuring ideal protections when transferring wellness details.

HIPAA Security Rule

HIPAA's Security Rule enhances the Privacy Rule by detailing safety requirements for the digital storage space and also the transmission of PHI. Covered entities as well as their service partners have to apply management, physical, and technological safeguards to shield digital wellness information. This consists of actions like accessibility controls, security, and routine safety threat analyses.

HIPAA Breach Notification Rule 

The Breach Notification Rule calls for protected entities (as well as organization affiliates) to inform the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and occasionally the media in case of a violation of unsafe PHI. The regulation establishes a limit for identifying what constitutes a violation and also specifies the timeline and techniques for informing damaged people.

Recent updates as well as modifications to HIPAA regulations

HIPAA guidelines have actually gone through numerous updates and modifications since their preliminary execution to adjust to progressing medical care methods and also developments in innovation. For instance, the HITECH Act of 2009 presented more stringent arrangements and also charged for HIPAA infractions, stressing the relevance of guarding digital wellness information.

Recently, HHS has actually offered explanations as well as assistance on particular subjects connected to HIPAA conformity. These consist of attending to the value of safe and secure sites for transferring PHI, advising protected entities of their responsibility to secure PHI when making use of smart phones, and also specifying the duties of organization partners in protecting health and wellness details.

To conclude, HIPAA guidelines act as a critical structure for securing personal privacy and the safety and security of individual wellness information in the United States health care system. The Privacy, Security, and Breach Notification Rules developed by HIPAA supply clear standards and also demand that protected entities as well as service affiliates adhere to them. As health care methods continue to progress, it is necessary for companies to remain updated on the most recent updates and also make adjustments to guarantee conformity with HIPAA legislation as well as protect clients' delicate information.

Conducting a Security Risk Assessment to maintain compliance and protect PHI

Recognizing the requirement for a Security Risk Assessment is the primary step in guaranteeing the total protection and personal privacy of health and wellness information. An extensive danger analysis allows companies to analyze their existing safety actions and also recognize locations that require renovation. By taking a positive approach as well as carrying out routine danger evaluations, covered entities and service affiliates can remain ahead of prospective hazards and shield the personal privacy of their individuals' delicate information.

The Steps

To efficiently carry out a Security Risk Assessment, companies must adhere to a collection of actions to guarantee efficient threat monitoring. The primary step includes determining possible threats and susceptibilities within their IT systems, networks, and safety and security framework. This consists of reviewing prospective risks from exterior resources, such as cyberpunks or destructive software applications, in addition to interior dangers such as unapproved access or staff member oversight. By performing an extensive assessment of possible threats, companies can get an alternative view of their safety and security landscape.

Next, companies are required to examine and focus on the determined threats based on their prospective influence and the probability of an incident. His action aids in focusing on minimal sources and allotting them to locations with the greatest threat. It is important to have a clear understanding of the possible repercussions of a safety violation, such as information loss, unapproved disclosure, or economic consequences, to suitably evaluate the dangers.

Applying ideal safeguards is the next essential action in mitigating possible protection threats. This consists of carrying out technological safeguards such as security or safe and secure web sites to safeguard ePHI from unapproved accessibility or disclosure. Furthermore, companies need to likewise develop management protections, such as training programs and plans, to make certain staff members know their obligations in securing health and wellness information. By executing durable safety and security procedures, companies can considerably decrease the threat of a possible violation.

Evaluating and upgrading the safety and danger analysis on a regular basis is an essential task that any business owner should be familiar with. This is due to the hazardous landscape that is continuously progressing, and threats and susceptibilities might emerge. Frequently evaluating and upgrading the evaluation makes certain that a company's safety and security actions stay reliable and also align with the existing danger landscape. This additionally enables companies to adjust and react quickly to any type of arising danger.

The significance of Security Risk Assessment for HIPAA conformity cannot be overemphasized. The HHS.gov web site highlights the value of danger analyses in assisting protected entities and organization affiliates safeguard individual wellness details. A Security Risk Assessment not only shows a company's dedication to conformity but additionally assists in recognizing locations that require renovation for much better protection of ePHI. By focusing on safety and security threat analyses, covered entities and company partners can guarantee they are securing the personal privacy of wellness information and also abiding by the strict demands of HIPAA.

Completing a Security Risk Assessment is important for companies in the health care market to ensure personal privacy and the protection of health and wellness details. By recognizing the demand for a Security Risk Assessment and also adhering to the actions entailed, companies can successfully recognize, assess, and focus on prospective dangers and susceptibilities. Executing proper safeguards as well as routinely assessing and upgrading the evaluation are necessary for mitigating dangers and maintaining HIPAA conformity. By focusing on safety threat analyses, companies can safeguard individual wellness information as well as the trust of their clients.

PHIPA Regulations in Canada

Nations around the world are continuously changing their regulations to guarantee that people's wellness information continues to be protected and kept private. We will explore the PHIPA policies in Canada, contrasting them with the health care personal privacy legislation in the United States.

Comparison between HIPAA and Canadian health care personal privacy legislation

One cannot talk about HIPAA policies without first comprehending the essential concepts behind them. The HIPAA Privacy Rule, developed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), describes the requirements for shielding people's digital wellness details. This policy relates to covered entities such as doctor health insurance and medical care clearinghouses.
In Canada, the Personal Health Information Protection Act (PHIPA) controls personal privacy and also protects individual wellness details. While comparable in their purposes, there are significant distinctions between HIPAA and Canadian health care personal privacy regulations.

Personal Health Information Protection Act (PHIPA)


Stipulations and needs

The PHIPA develops standards for the collection, usage, and disclosure of individual health and wellness details by doctors as well as various other health care companies in Canada. It equips people to have control over their individual health and wellness information and also institutes steps to guarantee its discretion and safety.
Under PHIPA, companies should obtain a person's permission prior to gathering, utilizing, or revealing their individual health and wellness details. This permission can be revealed or suggested based on the conditions. Furthermore, companies are required to take procedures to shield individual health and wellness information from unapproved access, disclosure, or burglary.


Resemblances as well as distinctions with HIPAA

Both HIPAA and PHIPA aim to secure individual wellness details as well as advertise private personal privacy legal rights, yet they vary in some substantial ways. As an example, HIPAA has a wider scope, covering a wide variety of entities associated with health care. On the other hand, the PHIPA primarily applies to doctors as well as custodians of individual wellness details.
In addition, the PHIPA takes a much more consent-centric approach, needing specific or suggested permission for the collection, usage, and disclosure of individual wellness information. HIPAA, on the other hand, enables particular usages and also disclosures of wellness information without specific authorization, called "allowed disclosures.".

Overview of Rural Guidelines

In Canada, medical care is mainly controlled by rural regulations, which supplement the overarching PHIPA. Each district has its own regulations and policies that describe particular needs as well as requirements for protecting individual wellness information.
As an example, in Ontario, the Personal Health Information Protection Act (PHIPA) regulates the collection, usage, and disclosure of individual wellness details by medical care companies. It lays out people's civil liberties concerning their wellness information, including access to their documents as well as the capability to deal with mistakes.
Likewise, districts such as British Columbia, Alberta, and Quebec have their very own personal privacy regulations that align with PHIPA's concepts and demands while attending to region-specific demands.

Finally, shielding individual wellness information is an international concern, and nations worldwide are applying laws to guarantee its privacy and safety. In Canada, PHIPA plays an essential role in securing people's wellness information, which parallels the purposes of the HIPAA Privacy Rule in the United States. Recognizing these guidelines is crucial for doctors, companies, and people to adhere to the ever-evolving landscape of personal privacy and safety in health care. By sticking to these policies and also using safe and secure web sites and innovations, we can jointly construct an accountable and privacy-centric health care system.

Conclusion

To conclude, HIPAA guidelines play an important role in guarding people's personal privacy as well as keeping information protected in the United States medical care system. By extensively comprehending the needs and ramifications of HIPAA, medical care companies can ensure compliance and safeguard delicate information. The value of this policy cannot be adequately highlighted, as it not only shields individuals from possible personal privacy violations but also develops trust and self-confidence in the health care system.

Furthermore, it is essential to acknowledge the relevance of performing Security Risk Assessments on a regular basis. These analyses assist in determining susceptibilities and also examine possible risks that might endanger individual information protection. By proactively resolving these threats, medical care companies can minimize the possibilities of safety violations and also ensure the discretion, honesty, and accessibility of individual health and wellness information.

In addition, getting an understanding of the Canadian viewpoint on personal privacy in health care highlights the international importance of maintaining client personal privacy as well as information safety. With the execution of the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA), Canada strengthens the relevance of shielding individual information not just in the medical care field but also throughout different sectors. This gives a wider point of view on the demand for rigorous personal privacy laws and also works as a suggestion that personal privacy in health care is an international concern.

In a swiftly advancing electronic landscape, maintaining personal privacy as well as information protection is critical. As modern technology continues to breakthrough, so do the dangers connected with personal privacy violations as well as information burglary. It is vital for medical care companies to focus on client personal privacy and purchase durable protection procedures, as well as consistently educate their personnel to ensure compliance with laws like HIPAA or PIPEDA. By doing so, we can secure the privacy and total wellness of clients while cultivating an atmosphere of safety and security as well as protection within the medical care market.

We're ready to ensure your information is protected!

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AI code generators steal open source code

"Wide angle photo of a cat zombie, walking dead style, digital art"

Bing Image Creator

Open Source is dead.

Long live Open Source Software.

"Wide angle photo of A cat wearing a king's crown and a red cape, game of thrones style, iron throne, 3d digital art"

Bing Image Creator

Introduction

The Airius Risk Maturity Knowledgebase is intended to give you a snapshot of those things in the world affecting information risk for June, 2023.

The advent of artificial intelligence, and more specifically, Large Language Model (LLM) has changed how software is developed. These LLMs are as capable as the material that they are trained upon. As a result, LLMs have started to specialize, focusing on research, natural language, conversation, contracts and for this discussion, software development.

These models have used readily available data on the internet. They have also used structured datasources to aid in the learning and the indexing of data. As a result, mankind has access to the knowledge of the machines since they have become sentient using whatever can be found on the internet.

The problem lies with the use of everything accessible on the internet and whether training an LLM for private and commercial purposes constitutes "fair use". We will discuss this in detail.

By Columbia Copyright Office - Obtained from the Library of Congress https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/bobhope/vaude.html

Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Dichter using CommonsHelper., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10858426

Copyright infringement - Wikipedia

Note: 100% of the research of this project was done with the aid of Bing-GPT. Most of the images were generated with Bing's version of Dall-E. All sources for research are cited in the references below.

Using technology to copy protected content (copyright or copyleft) and then use that inventory to allow customers to bypass existing license restrictions and earn money undermines the fair use argument. Using AI to bypass restrictive open source licenses is theft.

What is a Large Language Model (LLM)?

A large language model (LLM) is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm that uses deep learning techniques and massively large data sets to understand, summarize, generate and predict new content. It consists of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabeled text using self-supervised learning or semi-supervised learning. LLMs emerged around 2018 and perform well at a wide variety of tasks.

Incomplete list of current LLM projects (there are easily hundreds of well developed projects)

What is Generative AI?

Generative AI is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) system capable of generating text, images, or other media in response to prompts. Generative AI models learn the patterns and structure of their input training data, and then generate new data that has similar characteristics.

Generative AI builds on existing technologies, like large language models (LLMs) which are trained on large amounts of text and learn to predict the next word in a sentence. For example, “peanut butter and _” is more likely to be followed by “jelly” than “shoelace”. Generative AI can not only create new text but also images, videos, or audio.

Generative AI has potential applications across a wide range of industries, including art, writing, software development, healthcare, finance, gaming, marketing, and fashion. However, there are also concerns about the potential misuse of generative AI, such as in creating fake news or deepfakes which can be used to deceive or manipulate people.

Generative AI LLMs specifically designed to generate code

Kate Downing explained in her blog:

“The crux of the USCO’s refusal to recognize any copyright interest in the images rests on the idea that Midjourney’s output is unpredictable and that the prompts users provide to it are mere suggestions, with too much “distance between what a user may direct Midjourney to create and the visual material Midjourney actually produces” such that “users lack sufficient control over generated images to be treated as the “mastermind” behind them.” Repeatedly, the USCO seems to argue that the final result has to reflect the artist’s “own original conception,” even going so far as to argue that the “process is not controlled by the user because it is not possible to predict what Midjourney will create ahead of time.”

The ownership of code generated by AI tools like GitHub Copilot is a topic of active debate and legal dispute. There have been lawsuits filed against Microsoft, GitHub and OpenAI alleging that the creation of AI-powered coding assistant GitHub Copilot relies on “software piracy on an unprecedented scale”. The key question in the lawsuit is whether open-source code can be reproduced by AI without attached licenses.

According to GitHub, the suggestions generated by Copilot and the code you write with its help belong to you and you are responsible for it. However, there have been instances where Copilot has been found to regurgitate long sections of licensed code without providing credit.

It's a complex issue and the legal landscape is still evolving. I would recommend consulting with a lawyer for more specific information on this topic.

There have been concerns raised about whether code generated by AI tools like Microsoft's Codex and GitHub Copilot bypasses copyleft licensing terms of use. Copilot has been found to regurgitate long sections of licensed code without providing credit. There have been instances where Copilot has generated a substantial amount of unique, GPL’d code and then suggested a license that is non-copyleft.

The question of whether works created by generative AI can be copyrighted is a complex one and the legal landscape around this issue is still evolving. According to the U.S. Copyright Office, there is no copyright protection for works created by non-humans, including machines⁴. However, some argue that AI-generated works should be eligible for copyright protection because they are the product of complex algorithms and programming.

Conclusion: What is "Fair Use"?

Fair use is a legal doctrine that allows for the use of copyrighted material without permission under certain circumstances. It permits a party to use a copyrighted work without the copyright owner’s permission for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research.

There are four factors that must be considered in deciding whether a use constitutes fair use: the purpose and character of the use, the nature of the copyrighted work, the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole, and the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

The four factors that must be considered in deciding whether a use constitutes fair use are:

  1. The purpose and character of the use: This factor considers whether the use is commercial or non-commercial and whether the use is transformative. If a use is commercial it is less likely to be fair use and if it is non-commercial it is more likely to be fair use. Transformative uses are those that add something new, with a further purpose or different character, and do not substitute for the original use of the work.
  2. The nature of the copyrighted work: This factor considers the nature of the underlying work, specifically whether it is more creative or more factual. Use of a more creative or imaginative underlying work is less likely to support a claim of fair use, while use of a factual work would be more likely to support a fair use claim.
  3. The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole: This factor considers the amount of the copyrighted work that was used compared to the copyrighted work as a whole. Where the amount used is very small in relation to the copyrighted work, this factor will favor a finding of fair use, but where the amount used is not insignificant, this factor will favor the copyright owner.
  4. The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work: This factor considers whether the use would harm the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

Comments

  1. Training an AI LLM does not add new capability. Rather, it uses existing knowledge in a faster and more effortless way.
  2. Code is factual, less artistic and creative. It is limited by the capabilities of languages, APIs and interfaces. Regardless, new code always finds better, faster, more efficient ways to do things. In coding, the art is in the details, and modern interfaces and languages are chosen for their implementations, their creative approaches to solve technical challenges.
  3. AI libraries train on billions of lines of code, digesting entire language libraries and all projects within those libraries. The training is indiscriminate.
  4. The AI interface to coding would be a highly efficient search interface to find the perfect existing libraries with which to address a coding challenge. Instead, the AI version effectively used the entire open source inventory publicly available to replace that open source with a more readily available alternative. AI coding engines commercially are replacing open source licensed code for a fee.

For the reasons quickly outlined above, AI engines are not using research samplings of code in order to learn how code works. They grabbed ALL code, and offer a convenient interface to that code. They offer a way for users to mistakenly bypass license obligations and solve code challenges. For a fee, customers get access to a stolen inventory of code offered by Github and Microsoft.

In The News

Notable Mentions

We are amazed at the number of submissions we have gotten to date, but even more so, we are incredibly grateful to over 150 core contributors who have devoted their time and resources to helping us provide up-to-date information. Send your stories and announcements to knowledgebase@airius.com. 

The Risk Maturity Knowledgebase restarts an effort that we began in 2007. With hundreds of volunteers, interns and staff members at the time, along with over 60 weekly translations, our predecessor became the standard for GPL and open source security information.

The Risk Maturity Knowledgebase restarts an effort that we began in 2007. With hundreds of volunteers, interns and staff members at the time, along with over 60 weekly translations, our predecessor became the standard for GPL and open source security information. Can you translate the blog? Please reach out.

Ready to Help!

If we can help you with risk management, SOC reporting, an emergency or you just need guidance with INFOSEC or IP issues, please reach out to us.

At Airius, we depend on our friends at A-Lign to provide auditors and experience with the SOC reporting and auditing process. We work closely with companies to get them through it.

Airius and A-Lign

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References and Credits

Free SRA Toolkit - Easy to use!

Introduction

The Airius Risk Maturity Knowledgebase is intended to give you a snapshot of those things in the world affecting information risk for April 29th through May 5th, 2023.

From HealthIT . . .

The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC), in collaboration with the HHS Office for Civil Rights (OCR), developed a downloadable Security Risk Assessment (SRA) Tool to help guide you through the process. The tool is designed to help healthcare providers conduct a security risk assessment as required by the HIPAA Security Rule and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Service (CMS) Electronic Health Record (EHR) Incentive Program. The target audience of this tool is medium and small providers; thus, use of this tool may not be appropriate for larger organizations.

What is wrong with the Security Risk Assessment /SRA Toolkit?

HHS offers a tool "SRA TOOL" (Security Risk Assessment Tool | HealthIT.gov). It is a way to guide senior management within medical practices to act more responsibly with risk.

Windows ONLY

The problem is that it is only available for Windows. It is built in JAVA and could run anywhere. The packager makes it an MSI, and only that is proprietary.

Free, like the trojan horse

There are no license restrictions at all, so it is potentially public domain. The big problem is that it is closed. The source code is not shared. The design documents are not available for review. For the SRA tool to run, it needs to be installed on a Windows computer and used by someone that has access to lots of risk information regarding a healthcare practice. A free software application without any information regarding its constituent parts, how it operates and what the license obligations are can impose unanticipated risks on a practice risk manager.

A covered entity is fully responsible for ALL of the ePHI that is created and managed. As a result, vendor risk, and risk imposed through third party applications, solutions, software and hardware, needs to be carefully assessed.

This is a five year old project, built using Open Source JAVA packages, but with license information hidden.

The problem is that it is only available for Windows. It is built in JAVA and could run anywhere. The packager makes it an MSI, and only that is proprietary.

Disassembling the SRA tool

  1. Download the MSI file
  2. lessmsi-v1.10.0 to open the MSI file.
  3. Write the compiled code to a file. Now it will run as JAVA on Chromebook and MacOS.
  4. jd-gui-windows-1.6.6 to decompile the JAVA jars into sources.

Now we scan the code

Our team used Checkmarx to FINALLY do the one thing that has not been done in 5 years. Scan what is in this code.

.

Bill of Materials

Our friends at Revenera helped us to assess the extracted source code further.
They found 50 Open sourced projects with licenses including GPL2, Apache, BSD, MIT and more. The source is currently not available, there is no published license information and there is no third party attribution required by the licenses.

What does this mean?

The SRA Toolkit was built using a number of open sourced frameworks.

  1. License obligations - copyleft licenses, commonly like GPLv2, require attribution and source code to be distributed with the completed packages
  2. Vulnerabilities - installing this package does not include automatic vulnerability management. Nearly 30 vulnerabilities, including 8 severe ones, were found within the current release of the SRA Toolkit.
  3. Obfuscation - the package was intentionally modified to hide the sources, not include the attribution statements, not include the source, and hide exactly what is being used as part of this SRA Toolkit.
  4. Violation of security rule - it is impossible for a Covered Entity to determine the appropriate risk associated with this tool and its potential exposure to ePHI and critical risk management data.
  5. Supply Chain Integrity - users of this SRA Toolkit have no assurance regarding the provenance of the code that makes this tool. The analysis herein confirms that any trust in this tool would be misplaced, since it represents a number of severe operational risks.

What is an alternative to the JAVA SRA?

We built the Security Risk Assessment Toolkit online.

  1. Click Here >>> Free Risk Assessment <<<
  2. Up to 153 questions, 7 sections, like the JAVA SRA Toolkit
  3. Airius site is built around WordPress
  4. It is hosted through GoDaddy
  5. The Toolkit is built using Formidable Forms, a licensed plugin for WordPress
  6. Attribution is given to Health and Human Services throughout the Assessment
  7. The code is PHP, Javascript and Cascading style sheets. The code is not obfuscated, most of it can be reviewed by viewing page source, but we can do a private session and show any code that generates a page
  8. The SRA Toolkit generates graphs upon completion and a certificate. This has a score, a data and a list of all evidence provided
  9. We are available to assist at any time, but the basic SRA Toolkit is free

Conclusion

While it is admirable that the HHS and the ONC combined to make HIPAA compliance tools available, it is a shame that their effort was ill advised and potentially introduces significant risk to a user.

Our research used a number of tools:

  1. Checkmarx - We are Certified Sales Partners, Partner Engineers and Professional Service Engineers
  2. Revenera - (Formerly Palamida). They specialize in solutions that help companies understand what’s in the code they use and identifying security and license compliance issues.

The commercial and open sourced tools took a great deal of expertise to operate. This project took six weeks and involved ten engineers at three different companies. All of the commercial tools were properly licensed, and the realistic cost for this project would quickly exceed $70,000.

If you need help with achieving HIPAA compliance, you can contact us at info@airius.com.

We are a team of experts who can provide you with customized solutions and support for your HIPAA compliance needs. We can help you with:

Don’t wait until it’s too late. Contact us today and let us help you achieve HIPAA compliance with confidence and ease.

Regulatory compliance with Airius

Notable Mentions

We are amazed at the number of submissions we have gotten to date, but even more so, we are incredibly grateful to over 150 core contributors who have devoted their time and resources to helping us provide up-to-date information. Send your stories and announcements to knowledgebase@airius.com. 

The Risk Maturity Knowledgebase restarts an effort that we began in 2007. With hundreds of volunteers, interns and staff members at the time, along with over 60 weekly translations, our predecessor became the standard for GPL and open source security information.

The Risk Maturity Knowledgebase restarts an effort that we began in 2007. With hundreds of volunteers, interns and staff members at the time, along with over 60 weekly translations, our predecessor became the standard for GPL and open source security information. Can you translate the blog? Please reach out.

Ready to Help!

If we can help you with risk management, SOC reporting, an emergency or you just need guidance with INFOSEC, please reach out to us.

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SOC - What is SOC? Understanding Risk Maturity Standards

Metropolis | Fritz Lang (1927), Google Images

Introduction

The Airius Risk Maturity Knowledgebase is intended to give you a snapshot of those things in the world affecting information risk for April 14th through April 21th, 2023.

What is SOC? "System and Organization Controls" (SOC) is the name of a suite of reports produced during an audit. It is intended for use by service organizations (organizations that provide information systems as a service to other organizations) to issue validated reports of internal controls over those information systems to the users of those services. SOC reports are internal control reports created by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) that examine services provided by a service organization so that end users can assess and address the risk associated with an outsourced service.

Why is SOC important for business?

SOC reports are important for businesses because they provide independent validation that a service organization’s internal controls are appropriately designed and operating effectively. SOC reports can help businesses to build trust with their customers by demonstrating that they have effective internal controls in place to protect customer data. SOC reports can also help businesses to identify areas for improvement in their internal controls.

How does SOC compliance demonstrate risk maturity?

SOC compliance demonstrates risk maturity by providing independent validation that a service organization’s internal controls are appropriately designed and operating effectively. SOC reports can help businesses to identify areas for improvement in their internal controls. By demonstrating that they have effective internal controls in place to protect customer data, businesses can build trust with their customers.

Is SOC aligned with recognized standards like the NIST CSF?

Yes, SOC reports are aligned with recognized standards like the NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF). The NIST CSF provides a framework for organizations to manage and reduce cybersecurity risk. SOC reports can help organizations to demonstrate compliance with the NIST CSF by providing independent validation that their internal controls are appropriately designed and operating effectively.

The NIST CSF provides a framework for organizations to manage and reduce cybersecurity risk. The framework consists of three parts: the Framework Core, the Framework Implementation Tiers, and the Framework Profiles. The Framework Core is a set of cybersecurity activities and outcomes that are common across critical infrastructure sectors. The Framework Implementation Tiers provide a mechanism for organizations to view and understand their cybersecurity risk management practices and the degree of sophistication of those practices. The Framework Profiles enable organizations to align their cybersecurity activities with business requirements, risk tolerances, and resources.

SOC reports can help organizations to demonstrate compliance with the NIST CSF by providing independent validation that their internal controls are appropriately designed and operating effectively.

What are some common risk management frameworks?

There are several common risk management frameworks that organizations use to manage and reduce cybersecurity risk. Some examples include:

These frameworks provide a structured approach to identifying, assessing, and managing risk across an organization.

What are some benefits of SOC compliance?

There are several benefits of SOC compliance, including:

SOC compliance can help organizations to demonstrate that they have effective internal controls in place to manage and reduce cybersecurity risk.

What is the SOC Standard?

The SOC (System and Organization Controls) standard is a set of criteria developed by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) to help organizations demonstrate that they have effective internal controls in place to manage and reduce cybersecurity risk. SOC reports are used by organizations to provide assurance to their customers that they have effective controls in place to manage and reduce cybersecurity risk.

What are the parts of the SOC standard?

SOC reports are attestations of controls and processes at a service organization that may affect their user entities’ financial reporting. There are three types of SOC reports: SOC 1, SOC 2 and SOC 3.

  1. SOC 1 reports are used by service organizations that provide services that could impact their clients’ financial reporting. There are two types of SOC 1 reports:
    • Type 1 reports describe the controls and their suitability at a specific point in time
    • Type 2 reports test the controls and their effectiveness over a minimum six-month period. Type 2 reports provide more evidence and detail about how the controls have been operated.
  2. SOC 2 reports are used by organizations that provide services that could impact their clients’ security, availability, processing integrity, confidentiality, or privacy. The SOC 2 report includes a description of the service organization’s system and the suitability of the design and operating effectiveness of controls. The SOC 2 report is divided into five sections called Trust Services Criteria (TSC) which are security, availability, processing integrity, confidentiality and privacy. There are two types of SOC 2 reports:
    • Type 1 reports describe the controls and their suitability at a specific point in time
    • Type 2 reports test the controls and their effectiveness over a minimum six-month period. Type 2 reports provide more evidence and detail about how the controls have been operated.
  3. SOC 3 reports are general use reports that can be freely distributed to anyone who needs assurance about the controls at a service organization. The SOC 3 report includes a description of the service organization’s system and the suitability of the design and operating effectiveness of controls. The SOC 3 report is also divided into five sections called Trust Services Criteria (TSC) which are
    • Security
    • Availability
    • Processing integrity
    • Confidentiality
    • Privacy
  4. There are two types of SOC 3 reports:
    • Type 1 reports describe the controls and their suitability at a specific point in time
    • Type 2 reports test the controls and their effectiveness over a minimum six-month period. Type 2 reports provide more evidence and detail about how the controls have been operated.

SOC 1, SOC 2 and SOC 3 audits are designed to achieve different purposes. SOC 1 compliance is focused on financial reporting, while SOC 2 and SOC 3 have a wider view and are better suited to technology service organizations. The main difference between SOC 2 and SOC 3 is their intended audiences. When choosing which SOC to pursue, consider your company’s business model and the target audience.

SOC 1 reports are used by organizations that provide services that could impact their clients' financial reporting. SOC 2 reports are used by organizations that provide services that could impact their clients' security, availability, processing integrity, confidentiality, or privacy. The SOC 2 report includes a description of the service organization's system and the suitability of the design and operating effectiveness of controls. The SOC 2 report is divided into five sections called Trust Services Criteria (TSC) which are security, availability, processing integrity, confidentiality and privacy.

SOC 3 reports are less common than SOC 1 and SOC 2 reports. SOC 3 is a variation on SOC 2 and contains the same information as SOC 2 but it’s presented for a general audience rather than an informed one.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How does a company get SOC certified?

A SOC audit is not a certification.

To obtain a SOC report, a company must engage a CPA firm to perform an audit of their controls and processes. The audit is conducted in accordance with the AICPA’s auditing standards and guidelines for SOC reports. The auditor will then issue an opinion on the effectiveness of the controls and processes that were tested.

The company must first determine which type of SOC report they need based on their business needs and the needs of their clients. Once they have determined which report they need, they will work with their auditor to identify the controls that need to be tested.

The auditor will then perform testing on those controls to determine if they are operating effectively. If there are any deficiencies found during the testing, the company will need to remediate those deficiencies before they can receive a clean opinion on their SOC report.

How does a company choose the right auditor and the right SOC report?

Choosing a SOC auditor can be a critical decision for a company. Here are some factors to consider when selecting a SOC auditor:

  1. Affiliated with the AICPA or a certified CPA firm.
  2. Experience and reputation in the auditing industry.
  3. Qualifications of the auditor.
  4. Style of communication.
  5. Knowledge of tech stack.
  6. SOC 2 audit cost.
  7. Approach for SOC 2 auditing.

It’s important to find an auditor that has clear experience conducting SOC audits and should be able to point to examples of reports they’ve generated in the past. Ideally, they should have experience working with your specific type of service organization. Find a team that’s performed SOC audits for companies in your industry and of a similar size. Ask for peer reviews to learn more about other companies’ experiences.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The right SOC report depends on the needs of the company and their clients. SOC 1 reports are used by service organizations that provide services that could impact their clients’ financial reporting. SOC 2 reports are used by organizations that provide services that could impact their clients’ security, availability, processing integrity, confidentiality, or privacy. SOC 3 reports are general use reports that can be freely distributed to anyone who needs assurance about the controls at a service organization.

The company should determine which report they need based on their business needs and the needs of their clients. They should also consider which report will provide the most value to their clients.

At Airius, we depend on our friends at A-Lign to provide auditors and experience with the SOC reporting and auditing process. We work closely with companies to get them through it.

Airius and A-Lign

In The News

Notable Mentions

We are amazed at the number of submissions we have gotten to date, but even more so, we are incredibly grateful to over 150 core contributors who have devoted their time and resources to helping us provide up-to-date information. Send your stories and announcements to knowledgebase@airius.com. 

The Risk Maturity Knowledgebase restarts an effort that we began in 2007. With hundreds of volunteers, interns and staff members at the time, along with over 60 weekly translations, our predecessor became the standard for GPL and open source security information.

The Risk Maturity Knowledgebase restarts an effort that we began in 2007. With hundreds of volunteers, interns and staff members at the time, along with over 60 weekly translations, our predecessor became the standard for GPL and open source security information. Can you translate the blog? Please reach out.

Ready to Help!

If we can help you with risk management, SOC reporting, an emergency or you just need guidance with INFOSEC, please reach out to us.

Coming Soon

License

References and Credits

What is ISO27001? Understanding Risk Maturity Standards

The Airius Risk Maturity Knowledgebase is intended to give you a snapshot of those things in the world affecting information risk for April 7th through April 13th, 2023.

ISO/IEC 27001 is an international standard that provides a framework for managing information security risks and protecting sensitive information1. It was developed to help organizations of any size or industry protect their information in a systematic and cost-effective way by adopting an Information Security Management System (ISMS). The standard was originally published jointly by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 2005, revised in 2013, and again most recently in 2022.

An ISMS is a systematic approach to managing sensitive company information so that it remains secure. It includes people, processes, and IT systems by applying a risk management process and gives confidence to interested parties that risks are adequately managed.

Why is the ISO27001 important for business?

ISO/IEC 27001 is a standard that specifies requirements for an information security management system (ISMS). It provides a systematic approach to managing sensitive company information so that it remains secure. 

ISO 27001 compliance is important for businesses because it demonstrates to customers that they have a robust Information Security Management System (ISMS) in place and are constantly working to protect all information in their company. It can also help businesses avoid financial costs associated with data breaches. Achieving compliance and certification under ISO 27001 can provide significant benefits in today’s ever-evolving digital landscape.

How does ISO27001 compliance demonstrate risk maturity?

ISO 27001 is an international standard that outlines the requirements for an information security management system (ISMS). It provides a systematic approach to managing sensitive company information so that it remains secure. The standard requires organizations to identify risks and implement controls to manage or reduce them.

ISO 27001 compliance demonstrates risk maturity because it requires organizations to assess their risks and implement controls based on their risk assessment. This means that organizations that are ISO 27001 compliant have a better understanding of their risks and have implemented controls to manage them effectively.

What is an ISMS?

An Information Security Management System (ISMS) is a set of policies and procedures for systematically managing an organization’s sensitive data. The goal of an ISMS is to minimize risk and ensure business continuity by proactively limiting the impact of a security breach. An ISMS can help small, medium, and large businesses in any sector keep information assets secure.

What are some common ISMS frameworks?

There are different ISMS frameworks available, such as ISO 27001, NIST SP 800-53, COBIT, and PCI DSS. ISO 27001 is a leader in information security, but other frameworks offer valuable guidance as well. These other frameworks often borrow from ISO 27001 or other industry-specific guidelines. ITIL, the widely adopted service management framework, has a dedicated component called Information Security Management (ISM). COBIT, another IT-focused framework, spends significant time on how asset management and configuration management are foundational to information security as well as nearly every other ITSM function—even those unrelated to INFOSEC.

What are some benefits of ISO 27001 compliance?

There are several benefits of ISO 27001 compliance and certification. Here are some of them:

What is the ISO27001 Standard?

ISO/IEC 27001 is an international standard that provides a framework for an Information Security Management System (ISMS). It was developed to help organizations of any size or any industry protect their information in a systematic and cost-effective way. The standard specifies requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving an ISMS.

What are the parts of the ISO27001 standard?

The first part of ISO 27001 standard consists of 11 clauses beginning with clause 0 extending to clause 10. 

Clause 0. Introduction — Describes the process for systematically managing information risks

Clause 1. Scope — Specifies generic ISMS requirements suitable for organizations of any type, size or nature

Clause 2. Normative references — Lists all standards referenced in ISO 27001

Clause 3. Terms and definitions — Defines key terms used in ISO 27001

Clause 4. Context of the organization — Requires you to consider internal and external issues that affect your ISMS

Clause 5. Leadership — Requires top management to demonstrate leadership and commitment to the ISMS

Clause 6. Planning — Requires you to plan how you will address risks and opportunities related to your ISMS

Clause 7. Support — Requires you to provide resources, competence, awareness, communication, and documented information for your ISMS

Clause 8. Operation — Requires you to implement and control your ISMS processes

Clause 9. Performance evaluation — Requires you to monitor, measure, analyze, evaluate, audit, review, and improve your ISMS

Clause 10. Improvement — Requires you to continually improve your ISMS.

The second part of ISO 27001 standard is called Annex A, which provides a framework composed of 114 controls that forms the basis of your Statement of Applicability (SoA).

A.5. Information security policies - This category is about aligning policies with the company’s information security practices. 

A.6. Organization of information security - This category is about defining roles and responsibilities for information security. 

A.7. Human resource security - This category is about ensuring that employees understand their responsibilities and are suitable for their roles. 

A.8. Asset management - This category is about identifying and classifying assets and ensuring that they are appropriately protected. 

A.9. Access control - This category is about ensuring that access to information and systems is controlled and monitored. 

A.10. Cryptography - This category is about ensuring that cryptographic techniques are used to protect the confidentiality, authenticity, and integrity of information. 

A.11. Physical and environmental security - This category is about ensuring that physical and environmental risks are identified and managed appropriately. 

A.12. Operations security - This category is about ensuring that operational procedures are in place to protect information processing facilities

A.13. Communications security - This category is about ensuring that communications networks are secure. 

A.14. System acquisition, development and maintenance - This category is about ensuring that information security requirements are included in system development processes. 

A.15. Supplier relationships - This category is about ensuring that suppliers understand their responsibilities for information security.  

A.16. Information security incident management - This category is about ensuring that there are procedures in place to detect, report, and respond to information security incidents. 

A.17. Information security aspects of business continuity management - This category is about ensuring that there are procedures in place to ensure the continuity of critical business processes in the event of an information security incident.

How does a company get ISO27001 certified?

To achieve ISO 27001 certification, an organization must first develop and implement an ISMS that meets all the requirements of the Standard. Once the ISMS is in place, the organization can then register for certification with an accredited certification body. To get ISO 27001 certification, you’ll need to prove to your auditor that you’ve established effective policies and controls and that they’re functioning as required by the ISO 27001 standard. Collecting and organizing all of this evidence can be extremely time-consuming. You must attend a course and pass its final exam to become ISO 27001 certified.

Summary - Why is ISO27001 certification so important?

ISO/IEC 27001 certification is important because it proves to an organization’s customers and stakeholders that it safeguards their data. Data security is a primary concern for many shareholders, and acquiring the ISO 27001 certification can enhance the brand credibility of an organization. The certification is applicable to businesses of all sizes and ensures that organizations are identifying and managing risks effectively, consistently, and measurably. The ability to prove your commitment to security with a highly respected third-party certification like ISO 27001 can be a powerful advantage against non-compliant competitors.

In The News

Notable Mentions

We are amazed at the number of submissions we have gotten to date, but even more so, we are incredibly grateful to over 150 core contributors who have devoted their time and resources to helping us provide up-to-date information. Send your stories and announcements to knowledgebase@airius.com. 

The Risk Maturity Knowledgebase restarts an effort that we began in 2007. With hundreds of volunteers, interns and staff members at the time, along with over 60 weekly translations, our predecessor became the standard for GPL and open source security information.

The Risk Maturity Knowledgebase restarts an effort that we began in 2007. With hundreds of volunteers, interns and staff members at the time, along with over 60 weekly translations, our predecessor became the standard for GPL and open source security information. Can you translate the blog? Please reach out.

 Ready to Help!

If we can help you with risk management, ISO 27001 compliance, an emergency or you just need guidance with INFOSEC, please reach out to us.

Coming Soon

Copyright and Attribution Statement

License

References and Credits

Artificial Intelligence and Risk Management

Written by Ernest P

2/8/2023

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the way businesses operate, making decision-making and processes more efficient. However, with these advancements comes the need to ensure that AI is used in a responsible and ethical manner. In this blog post, we will discuss the impact of AI on risk management, compliance, regulations, and ongoing protections.

AI and Risk Management

One of the key challenges of AI is that it operates beyond human control, making it difficult to understand the underlying mechanisms and potential consequences of AI systems. To mitigate these risks, companies are turning to risk management strategies that focus on understanding AI systems and monitoring their performance. This involves conducting regular risk assessments, implementing controls to prevent potential harm, and developing contingency plans to respond to incidents.

Vendors Using AI to Improve Products

In addition to using AI for risk management, vendors are also using AI to improve their products. Companies like Darktrace are utilizing AI to detect and respond to cyber threats in real-time, making their products more secure and effective. By incorporating AI into their offerings, vendors can improve the performance and security of their products, providing businesses with greater peace of mind and increased efficiency.

Compliance and Regulations

The use of AI also brings about regulatory and compliance concerns. Governments around the world are implementing regulations aimed at ensuring that AI is used responsibly, and that it does not harm individuals or compromise sensitive information. For example, in Europe, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) governs the use of personal data, while the United States has enacted the Algorithmic Accountability Act to ensure that AI systems are transparent and accountable.

Ongoing Protections

Protecting individuals and ensuring the responsible use of AI is an ongoing process that requires continued monitoring and oversight. Companies must remain vigilant and proactive in monitoring AI systems for potential risks and vulnerabilities. They should also regularly assess their AI policies and procedures to ensure that they are up-to-date and effective in mitigating potential harm. Additionally, companies must prioritize the development of responsible AI practices and invest in training and education for their employees.

In conclusion, AI is changing the world we live in, and it is critical that it is used in a responsible and ethical manner. Through risk management, compliance with regulations, and ongoing protections, we can ensure that AI is used to benefit society and not harm it. By staying informed and proactive, businesses can make the most of the benefits of AI while minimizing potential risks and ensuring that it is used in a responsible and ethical manner.

What is Integrated Risk Management (IRM)?

Written by Cassie

1/25/2023

Various business setups and different-sized companies often resolve to implement integrated risk management to secure their vital functions. But what exactly does IRM mean in simple terms?

IRM meaning

irm meaning

Integrated risk management is a group of essential processes by special departments or service providers to curb existing risks and prevent others from surfacing and potentially harming the organization. It is an approach to protect the workings of a business and ensure its smooth running.

IRM encompasses all business functions, including those not typically associated with risk management, such as human resources and public relations. However, as businesses have become heavily reliant on IT in recent years, IRM is primarily concerned with hands-on risk management, including implementing and monitoring systems and technological controls.

The term IRM is a relatively recent one. It was introduced in 2017 to address a more complex risk environment caused by increased digital processes, globalization, and a greater reliance on third parties.

Hence, integrated risk management focuses on providing tight cyber security, maintaining the organization's and its employees' privacy, assisting HR departments, and solving and preventing compliance and regulatory issues.

Are IRM and GRC the same?

are irm and grc the same

Integrated risk management and governance, risk, and compliance have several factors in common, and these two terms may be mistaken for each other. Both these fields are different. GRC provides the foundation of an IRM strategy, and both have distinct core functions within a business. IRM acts as the umbrella risk management strategy, and GRC functions are more specific that aim to improve the risk profile. GRC's approach focuses on technical or operational downsides, while IRM provides a broader focus and includes a comprehensive overview of tactics and strategy, including uptrend opportunities and potential strategic risks.

What does “at risk” mean?

what does at risk mean

Every organization faces multiple risks in the form of unanticipated, compromising, and damaging events, which can cause serious money loss, leak of significant classified info, or even force it to shut down. Financial non-transparencies, legal liabilities, tech issues, strategic management errors, logistic problems, accidents, and natural disasters are all sources of risk.

Being at risk means facing a negative impact or having to deal with a threat. The more vulnerable an asset is, the more “at risk” it is. However, all assets could face threats from within or outside the company.

Risk Categories

risk categories

Risk can be grouped into these four different categories, according to the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO):

  1. strategic risk (e.g., reputation, customer relations, technical innovations);
  2. financial and reporting risk (e.g., market, tax, credit);
  3. compliance and governance risk (e.g., ethics, regulatory, international trade, privacy);
  4. operational risk (e.g., IT security and privacy, supply chain, labor issues, natural disasters).

A business may also classify its risks into these four main corporate risks: people risks, facility risks, process risks, and technology risks.

IRM benefits

irm benefits

Adopting an integrated risk management strategy instead of a limited-scope approach can provide several advantages. Some of these benefits are listed below:

Better Risk Management

IRM helps to create a more realistic picture of risk analysis, which helps organizational leaders make better decisions. Risks can be identified and effectively communicated between business and IT teams.

A Broader Range of Options

Integrated risk management strategies target all possibilities related to each business strategy facet rather than just minimizing the drawbacks. Opportunities to capitalize on potential upsides may emerge due to a more thorough evaluation of each business outcome. A thorough evaluation of every business process results in better opportunities and potential future projects.

Increased Awareness

Risk awareness becomes part of the corporate culture. Implementing IRM strategies will cause the employees of an organization to perceive risk as a natural element of business operations. They will develop a clear sense of risk management over time, eventually leading to a healthier corporate environment.

What do IRM service providers do?

what do irm service providers do

A business may decide to depend on an in-house risk department or may consider outsourcing IRM tasks to experienced service providers. Companies are actually opting for the second option, as it is more convenient for them to hire experts rather than train their employees.

Skilled IRM firms develop technologies and offer services that cover areas such as risk maturity evaluation, data breach, compliance, and regulatory issues, secure software development lifecycle, security testing, human resources and background checks, and IT cloud strategy and implementation. Since they are in the risk business, they are well informed of the latest risk that threatens companies; hence they provide guaranteed risk management.

What are the key steps of an IRM program?

what are the key steps of an irm program

An effective integrated risk management program consists of four main parts. These are listed below in the correct sequence:

Objectives

Setting measurable primary and secondary objectives is the first step in implementing an integrated risk management strategy. These objectives should be comprehensive with clear descriptions.

Identification

Assets, opportunities, and risks should be identified and monitored. All relevant data should be saved for systematic analysis and assessment.

Analysis

Risk factors should be identified and studied both separately and as a whole group. They must be evaluated because of the following points: why they exist, their impact, how to prioritize them, and their effect on the company’s risk appetite.

Actions

Now we come to the mitigation part, which consists of risk management activities. A detailed plan of action is designed to curb potential risks.

Specialized IRM tools and service providers aid in running this framework smoothly while generating an overview of relevant insights.

What would happen if IRM strategies were not implemented?

what would happen if irm strategies were not implemented

Companies require strong integrated risk management programs as existing risks become more complex, and new risks emerge. A lack of understanding of risks and their potential consequences can impede decision-making and harm an organization's business performance.

A business could collapse if it does not properly assess, mitigate, and prevent business risks. They might lose market share if they fail to foresee the risks of shifting circumstances. On the contrary, if they pay attention to the risks associated with growth, they could gain a significant amount of investment money or at least save the current budget.

Moreover, failure to match compliance and regulatory standards may cause an organization to face serious lawsuits. Weak or no IRM may also result in a lack of transparency within and outside, leading to serious threats, such as corruption, cyber-attacks, and other sabotaging activities.

Being constantly at risk and dealing with compromised operations is not a favorite status for any organization. Thus, choosing the perfect integrated risk management program and implementing it signifies corporate farsightedness and flawless driving strategies, eventually leading to numerous inspirational success stories.

See more: Windows 10 Autorotation Fixed, and Why Windows 10 Breaks

HIPAA Guidelines

Written by David Y 

August 29, 2022

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is a federal law that requires the creation of national standards to protect sensitive patient health information from being disclosed without the patient’s consent or knowledge. The US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issued the HIPAA Privacy Rule to implement the requirements of HIPAA. The HIPAA Security Rule protects a subset of information covered by the Privacy Rule. The HIPAA Privacy Rule creates national standards to protect individuals’ medical records and other personal health information (PHI). Organizations that have to be HIPAA compliant first need to understand what PHI data they have, where PHI data resides, who their business associates are, their legal contracts, current policies, and controls in place. HIPAA violations can have fines can be up to 1.5 million per year. Breach notification costs, attorney fees, lawsuits, etc. can also be many thousands. This also doesn’t include additional laws and industry regulations in U.S. states, European Union, PCI, etc. A risk management framework, proper security controls, a solid technology infrastructure, and training are all needed to meet such requirements.

Email phishing targeting small businesses

Written by David Y 

August 29, 2022

Small businesses are increasingly having targeted attacks where staff members are being impersonated in order to extract information, gather login credentials, and/or financial gain. Small businesses often don’t have the technology and security controls that a larger organization would have to protect against email phishing. Most small businesses utilize cloud email providers such as Google or Azure that provide some protection against phishing but are limited in what more sophisticated mail gateway and phishing identification products are able to identify. A combination of good technology to identify and proactively block email phishing attacks and also awareness training for staff is needed to have a higher chance of a email phishing attack being successful. Effective email phishing identification technology or mail gateway with limited false positives should utilize AI and automation to identify the continually adapting techniques used by cybercriminals in email based phishing attacks. 

The Internet is Dead. Long Live the Internet

chinese-poppies

This Week, "ICANN, the US and the Internet: China's New Field of Dreams"

On September 30th , 2016, the United States will surrender guiding influence over the internet. The US has had a long standing arrangement with ICANN, an organization formed specifically administrate the clear vision of the internet and apply governance and control following this vision. The Obama administration has agreed to release ICANN from contractual obligations to the United States, allowing ICANN to manage the DNS, the names used for web sites, unencumbered.

ICANN will be permanently released from the USA’s control. Technologists, cyber-stakeholders and mere mortals who use the internet should be worried that releasing ICANN will release the power of the internet; the power of freedom. Since it’s inception the internet has acted as a window for the world. However, will this freedom persist after being released from NTIA’s heavy hand?

 

About SafeView

The SafeView Research Report is intended to give you a snapshot of technology risk management issues. Airius Internet Solutions manages SafeView data and provides strategic, tactical and emergency risk management consulting. If you have any technology risk issues, please contact Airius with your questions at info@airius.com.

Background

In 1995, our world changed. On April 30, 1995, the Internet as we know it began. The infrastructure was originally established by ARPANET, and then run for a decade by the National Science Foundation as NSFNET before being opened for commercialization and public access, and developed by ARPA indirectly resulting from competition with the Russians as far back as 1958. (https://safeview.com/2016/01/01/the-internet-twenty-years-in-review-1995-2015-adoption-of-the-internet-pt-1/)

“It has been said that something as small as the flutter of a butterfly's wing can ultimately cause a typhoon halfway around the world” 

ICANN or the Internet Corporation for Assigned Name and Numbers , performs the actual technical maintenance work of the central Internet address pools and DNS Root registries pursuant to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority function contract.

ICANN wants freedom

Obama administration surrendering control over the internet

The internet was a US invention, one that Americans have been custodians to for nearly thirty years. On Sept 30, 2016 at midnight, Obama administration's NTIA will release ICANN from contractual US oversight. ICANN was established in 1988 to administer domain names used by people worldwide to navigate to internet sites without having to remember complicated numerical strings. US government involvement in the operation of ICANN and IANA was intended to be temporary. At the time, the internet had a few thousand users, and the current global industry and infrastructure could not have even been anticipated.  



ICANN and internet future to be decided by board of stakeholders from around the world

Following disclosures by Edward Snowden in 2013 about US government mass surveillance programs, pressure from global stakeholders increased for ICANN to move away from NTIA and US oversight. As a result, in 2014, ICANN submitted a proposal, and President Obama agreed to move forward, pending acceptance of a migration proposal, committing to terminate the current NTIA agreement on the end of September 30, 2016, at Midnight. The agreement puts in place an advisory board, of which the US is now a member, along with major nations of the world. Since the internet has become a global asset, the move away from US as the principal force defining direction will be complete at midnight Sept 30, 2016, and ICANN will move to a global advisory, or multi-stakeholder committee.

What is ICANN?

ICANN or the Internet Corporation for Assigned Name and Numbers. It performs the actual technical maintenance work of the central Internet address pools & DNS Root registries aligned with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority function contract.

IANA or The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, is a department of ICANN. It is an nonprofit private American corporation, which oversees global IP address allocation, autonomous system number allocation, zone management & other Internet Protocol-related symbols and numbers.

(https://safeview.com/2016/01/01/the-internet-twenty-years-in-review-1995-2015-adoption-of-the-internet-pt-6/)

History 

Prior to the establishment of ICANN primarily for this purpose in 1998, IANA was administered principally by Jon Postel at the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) of the University of Southern California situated at Marina Del Rey Los Angeles, under a contract USC-ISI had with the United States Department of Defense, until ICANN was created to assume the responsibility under a United States Department of Commerce contract.

 

Founding principles of ICANN

Non profit

At present ICANN is organized formally as a non-profit corporation "for charitable and public purposes" under the California Nonprofit Public Benefit Corporation Law. It is managed by a 16-member Board of Directors composed of eight members selected by a nominating committee on which all the groups of ICANN are represented; six representatives of its Supporting Organizations, sub-groups that deal with specific sections of the policies under ICANN's purview; an At-Large seat filled by an At-Large Organization; and the President / CEO, appointed by the Board.

 7 domain extensions .com, .net, .org, .edu., .mil, .gov, ?

ICANN manages (TLD) or top-level domain is the highest level of domain names in the hierarchical Domain Name System of the Internet or DNS for short. The top-level domain names are installed in the root zone of the name space. For all domains in lower levels, it is the last part of the domain name, that is, the last label of a fully qualified domain name. In an example for the top-level com; Any website with the extension .com such as safeview.com is part of that top level domain. The original extensions are .com, net, .org, .edu., .mil, .gov, .int., and .nato, which was phased out.

 

Recent changes

Board of directors - some resigned

https://www.icann.org/resources/board-material/secretarys-notice-2013-10-07-en

https://www.icann.org/resources/board-material/secretarys-notice-2014-10-15-en

https://www.icann.org/news/announcement-2015-05-21-en

CEO now Chairman of world Internet Conference - china funded consortium to explore chinese penetration and control of internet worldwide

http://www.chehade.company/about-1/

1000 TLDs

Over the years there have been additions to these top level domains such as .tech, .sucks, soon to be appearing, .gay, as well as over 1000 vanity extensions. This has concerned proponents of copyrights, as these new extensions allow global name dilution with little real control.

https://newgtlds.icann.org/en

Ignores requests from congress, FTC

https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2011/12/ftc-warns-rapid-expansion-internet-domain-name-system-could-leave

Root certificates

Would you let yourself be exposed to millions? Are you the type of person to keep your exploits secret? Do you keep privacy & value personal space. Currently, do you feel that privacy is sacred. If so then you will be concerned with The United States’s Landmark decision of ICANN’s future . This decision will directly impact the vulnerability of your privacy.  

Much like a signature at the end of a legal document or the master key to your car.

A root certificate can give access to much more than is realized. What a root certificate is In cryptography and computer security, a root certificate is an unsigned or a self-signed public key certificate that identifies the root certificate authority ,CA for short. A root certificate is part of a public key infrastructure scheme. Root certificates act much like a key cards. These digital certificates are verified using a chain of trust.

When a person’s signature is given in malice or a car is take for a joy ride by a parking attendant, access is granted to other facets. EzPass, financial documents, garage openers, digital phone books, right to power of attorney. These are things that can be lost in malice, however in the United States we have the legal system to protect us. What happens when entities that are not governed by our control gain access to our proverbial keys ? The opportunity to defend ourselves becomes increasingly limited. When overseas jurisdiction governs the locks & keys, the access root of our privacy, are we safe?

Pro

Freedom

The internet can be a borderless way to communicate in realtime without government control

“Advocates for ICANN's independence say that there are a lot of safeguards in place to limit any government intrusion. The organization's global board is made up of business, nonprofit and academic leaders. The rules make it hard for governments to exert that much influence.

And, Harvard's Zittrain says, governments that want to censor the Internet already do so in much more effective ways: "There are so many other paths that the Russians or the Chinese could take and have taken to make sure that their citizens or even people around the world can't see stuff that they don't want them to see."
- NPR

Having the internet guided by a board of stakeholders will more honestly represent the global interests and needs regarding the internet

So, if major respected sources do not see the ICANN transition as a problem should anyone?

Majorities in 32 of 38 countries surveyed by Pew Research Center in 2015 believe that allowing people to use the internet without government censorship is important. And in 20 countries, at least 80% hold this view. The Pro & Con debate of ICANN’s new cumulative control spark controversy & conflict with many.

In the last 20 years censorship of the internet from controlling powers has not gone unnoticed.There is no way to deny the push of sponsored content in outbreaks of crisis and government catastrophes. Based on history & historical trends of humans, computer entities and hacktivists; it does not seem that much will be allowed to be changed.


 Censorship and Freedom

In the last 20 years censorship of the internet from controlling powers has not gone unnoticed.There is no way to deny the push of sponsored content in outbreaks of crisis & government catastrophes. Based on history & historical trends of humans , computer entities & hacktivists such as anonymous; it does not seem that much will be allowed to be changed.

Con

Civil Rights

In the case of civil rights & liberties there is no question that man should have the basic freedom To Speak , Say , & question the world around him. These questions have lead to development , innovation & evolution of the mind , body & soul. Choices made based in the instance that a human felt he or she should create a thought or action & express it in a particular way. Internet freedom & regulation largely is the way humans make these choices in the 21st century. Former US representatives & politicians such as Newt Gingrich are very concerned.


“ Since the Internet now permeates our lives in every possible way, it is disturbing that Obama has relinquished U.S. control over its underlying structure. Control will be turned over to a global panel, which will include totalitarian countries that do not value our First Amendment protection of free speech.”

 US internet population is a fraction of our potential challengers for internet control - countries that do not honor US and global intellectual property rights.

ICANN’s precedent issue was created by an unforeseen turn of events. From the inception of ICANN, the U.S. Government and Internet stakeholders envisioned that the U.S. role in the IANA functions would be temporary. In June of 1998 , the Commerce Department’s Statement of Policy stated that the U.S. Government “is committed to a transition that will allow the private sector to take leadership for DNS management.” ICANN as an organization has matured and taken steps in recent years to improve its accountability, transparency and technical complexity .

The United States Government may not have realize that its action would have shaped the global source of readily available information as currently known. It’s actions lead to the fostering of an infrastructure that is able to foster critical & morale thought.  

Summary 

It is likely that users will not perceive a change on Sept 30, 2016 at midnight. However, while the NSA works hard to collect internet data, and they reluctantly disclose this, once we give control of DNS, root certificates and the internet, Asian countries will routinely collect information about anyone worldwide, all of our devices, worldwide, without any indication of this activity. Personal privacy on the internet will be a forgotten concept on October 1, once lost, it will never be regained.

Since Tim Burners Lee started the internet, it’s freedom has allowed for the greatest innovations & development of our time.In 1999 the internet had 248 million users roughly 4% of the world’s population. In 2008 the internet reached 1.5 billion users on desktop , 262 million users on mobile with the creation of the smartphone. Today the internet has over 3,424,971,237 billion users 46.1 % of the world. If something is not done by this Sunday this freedom may be in jeopardy for our global society. ICANN needs to be consulted & remedied based on the historical trend of the internet. Human beings require this undeniable freedom based on history, civil rights & future development.

We need to find a way to keep our indelible right sacred & intact. As human beings , all Should have a right to be educated & informed so they may make their lives better.Many internet organizations feel the same way many citizens around the global feel about internet privacy & security.In a last-minute lawsuit designed to prevent the handover of critical internet functions at midnight tonight major internet organizations have come to the support of the US government The Internet Association which represent the largest internal tech companies such as Alphabet & Facebook in addition to the numerous like mind individuals have filed an amicus brief in the Texas court on the eve of a hearing seeking a temporary restraining order against the Department of Commerce’s Jurisdiction.

 

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